Nature in his poem “Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey” Essay

Wordsworths Attitude Towards NatureLines Composed a some Miles above Tintern Abbey was written in July of 1798 and published as the last poesy of Lyrical Ballads, also in 1798.This poem is a statement of Wordsworth get it on philosophy of temperament. TheThe first part gives a vivid description of the cyclorama visited by the poet. This shows a minute and close observation of nature.He was extra-ordinary painful to the sites of nature. Indeed, in the very title of his poem, he announces the time and place of his exit visit, and lets us know where he is positioned in the landscape that he describes. He sits in a specific spot, a few miles above an remiss abbey in the valley of the river Wye thus he has a broad post on the landscape he will describe. As he writes the poem, he is reclines under a dark sycamore. He said that when he was young he did not understand or hear the pain of humanity because he was thoughtless and had nothing to do with spirit just the physical pictures sprightly his eyes . But later on the enjoyment is over and the poet had brocaded his inset . He became able to hear the suffering of humanity . In addition the sound of human suffir4ngh and pain is not harsh or jarring to his ears . But , it is the opposite , it has clarified him . He became a unearthly person .Also, he tries to convince her to love nature, because if she loves it she will be in an elevated position, all the bad things will not hurt her and her attitudes and thoughts towards flavour will change.Poetry to Wordswoth is emotions recollected in tranquility, or he believed that it is nothing plainly spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.The poem as a solid is an example of the philosophy of Romanticism and how the consideration of the external reality of nature leads towards inner consideration.bibliographiesFree Essay on William Wordsworths Tintern Abbey. 123HelpMe.com. 30 may 2008.

Nonviolent movement

There is a wide-spread conception in the theory of nation-building that violence is an ultimate way to express disagreement and master injustice as well as fight a dictatorship. exactly the last century has proven the fallaciousness of this conception. Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King younger, Nelson Mandela and Dalai Lama and many former(a)s throw off shown that passive resistance can be more(prenominal) powerful labor in defeating oppressive rulers and laws. Their lives and actions are examples how oppressors or unjust legislation may be defied by the force of word and soul rather than by the force of weapons. Gene Sharp summarizes the effectiveness of unprovocative actions with ofttimes(prenominal) words passive action is possible, and is capable of wielding great power even against ruthless rulers and armament regimes, because it attacks the most vulnerable characteristic of all hierarchical institutions and giving medications dependence on the governed (p. 18).No nviolent action is an application of a very simple truth hoi polloi do not always do what they are told to do, and sometimes they do that which has been forbidden. When people refuse their cooperation, withhold their help, and persist in their disobedience and defiance, they do this to deny their opponents the elemental human assistance and cooperation which any government or hierarchical trunk requires. If they do this collectively through their established nonsymbiotic social institutions or newly improvised groupings for a sufficient level of time, the power of that government will weaken and potentially dissolve.The world explanation has witnessed the cases when nonviolent means have been chosen over violence for sacred or ethical reasons. In some cases, even when pragmatic political con cheekrations were dominant in the choice of nonviolent struggle, the movement has taken on certain religious or ethical overtones. This was the case in the motilitys of the Indian Nation al coition for independence from Britain in the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s. Those struggles, often under Gandhis leadershiphip, and to a fault the well-bred rights campaigns in the 1950s and 1960s in the difficult South of the join States, under the leadership of Martin Luther King, jr., are very classic.Mohandas KaramchandGandhi, wear out known as Mahatma Gandhi, is the first name that comes to mind when one speaks of nonviolence in the 20th century. His charisma and his action not only had a profound effect on Indias modern history, but also provided firm basis for all future nonviolent struggles in the world. Gandhis political philosophy revolved around three key concepts satyagraha (non-violence), sawaraj (home rule), and sarvodaya (welfare of all). Whereas satyagraha was fundamentally a tactic of achieving political ends by non-violent means, sawaraj and sarvodaya sought to encourage ideas of exclusive and collective improvement and regeneration. Such regeneration, Gandhi insisted, was necessary if India was to rediscover her enduring diachronic and religious self and throw off British rule. (Andrews, 1949)Perhaps Gandhis best-known act of civil disobedience, known as the second satyagraha (hold unwavering to the truth) was Salt defect that was taking place in 1930 from12 March to 6 April. It expressed increasing frustration by Congress at its own impotence and, specialisedally, the British refusal to grant Dominion shape to India. Gandhi chose the hated salt tax as the object of his campaign. At the time, the Indian government maintained a monopoly over the manufacture of salt, an essential basic commodity which was thus heavily taxed. Those using their own salt, e.g. if they were living windup to the sea, were subject to heavy punishment.The 61-year-old Mahatma started the 240-mile-long walk from Sabarmati to the coastal town of Dandi together with 78 of his followers. He was joined by thousands along the way, in a march that received vast international and national attention. When the protesters marched on to a government salt depot, he was arrested, as were amidst 60,000 and 90,000 other Indians in resultant months, as well as the entire Congress leadership. Gandhi was released and called off the campaign in March 1931 following the GandhiIrwin Pact, which allowed Gandhi to participate in the second beat Table Conference, and symbolically permitted the production of salt for domestic consumption.From the 1920s to first 1940s, he led a series of passive resistance campaigns in pursuit of Swaraj, which redefined the character of Indian nationalism. He sought tolerance between Hindus and Muslims and the eradication of caste untouch big businessman. In January 1948 he was assassinated by a Hindu fanatic for his pro-Muslim sympathies. Gandhis insistence that means were more important than the ends distinguished him from other great political leaders of the twentieth century.Since his terminal Gandhi has become the source of inspiration for non-violent political movements such as the well-mannered Rights Movement in the USA. Desmond Tutu in the article A fight more than Powerful a Century of Nonviolent Conflict right unspoilty points out The leaders who opted for nonviolent weapons often learned from resistance movements of the past. Indian nationalist leader Mohandas Gandhi was inspired by the Russian Revolution of 1905. The Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. and other African American leaders traveled to India to study Gandhis tactics. (Tutu, 2000) Non-cooperation was a major tactic employed by Gandhi when he matte the state had become immoral or unjust. In the King movement, such action was called boycott, the most effective nonviolent tactic employed in the movement to abolish discrimination in macrocosm transportation in Montgomery, Alabama.The justification for such action lies in the fact that rejection is as much of an action as acceptance. Thus, King, like Gandhi, while emphasizing the necessity of courage, utilise the boycott to happen upon rejection of unjust laws regulating public transportation and public lunch counters. The net effect of the various expressions of the nonviolent protest, especially the boycott, strike, certainty and jail, was to draw ones opponent off balance, hoping thereby to change over his mind. (Smith, p.58) Nonviolence, therefore, was not a sign of weakness or of a need of courage. Quite the contrary, King believed that only the strong and courageous person could be nonviolent. He advised persons not to get involved in the civil rights struggle unless they had the strength and the courage to stand before people full of hate and to break the cycle of violence by refusing to retaliate.King just as Gandhi emphasized the need to prepare for action. The gracious Rights Movement initiated by Martin Luther King, Jr. succeeded in mobilizing massive nonviolent direct action. Innovative tactics include economic boycotts, beginning with the yearlong boycott of a bus familiarity in Montgomery, Alabama, begun in December 1955 and led by Martin Luther King, Jr. go to demonstrations and mass marches, including a massive mobilization of whites and relentlesss in the August 1963 March on Washington, which culminated in Kings I have a dream speech, and protest marches led by King that met with patrol violence in Selma, Alabama, in January 1965.The goal of these protests was to overthrow the entire system of racial segregation and to empower African Americans by seizing the franchise. Participants of the Civil Rights Movement were often beaten and brutalized by southern law enforcement officials, and thousands were arrested and confined for their protest activities. Some leaders and participants were killed.Nevertheless, an endless stream of highly visible confrontations in the streets, which contrasted the brutality and the inhumanity of the white segregationists with the dignity and resolve of black protesters, made th e cause of black civil rights the major issue in the United States for over a decade during the 1950s and 1960s. The nation and its leaders were forced to decide publicly whether to grant African Americans their citizenship rights or to side with white segregationists who advocated racial superiority and the undemocratic subjugation of black people.In certainty it would be relevant to provide a brief revision of the law of similarity and differences the detection of which was purpose of this analysis. The parallels between Gandhi and Martin Luther King are self-evident. This preliminary image at Gandhi and Kings activity gives us the understanding that nonviolent movement cannot be limited by time frames or specific location. It rather needs a leader with strong character, resilience and ability to persuade people. The two leaders preferred nonviolence at a time when their people were being oppressed. Both struggled against the yoke of white oppression. standardised Gandhi, King valued the power of nonviolent political action in keeping with the spirit of Gandhis satyagraha. Kings role in organizing the Montgomery bus boycott enabled him to emerge as the creator of a strategy of civil disobedience that earned for the civil-rights movement in the United States unprecedented media coverage, new forms of public recognition, and greater access to political power.Though both(prenominal) agreed that nonviolence is successful tactics on condition that either individual is committed to truth and justice, Gandhi tended to lay stress upon the necessity of personalised suffering when participating in nonviolent movement, an attitude that to some uttermost was less aggressive than Kings emphasis on self-sacrifice. Moreover, Gandhi claimed that to achieve the goals through nonviolence one needs patience and non-cooperation and King believed that it is a certain degree of confrontation that is necessary to accomplish change. One more difference between Gandhi and Kin g lies in the paradigm of their activity.While Gandhi was concerned intimately social injustice suffered by Indian people, Kings concerns calibre upon racial discrimination of African Americans in the USA. And probably the most large difference is the result of their struggle. While Martin Luther Kings ideas after his remnant were followed through by his followers and found an echo in usual Americans heart, Gandhi was criticized that his tactics unnecessarily delayed the departure of the British, precipitated the breakdown of India, and led to the Hinduization of Congress because of his over-emphasis on religion. Few of Gandhis ideas were put into approach pattern by independent India.While both of them deserve respect and admiration, it is possible to acknowledge that their approaches to the practice of nonviolence later grew strong one as opposition, the other as protest. Gandhi and King help us to believe that peaceful resultant of a conflict will live up to its promise. ReferencesAndrews, C. F. Mahatma Gandhis Ideas. capital of the United Kingdom Allen & Unwin, 1949McCarthy, R. and Sharp, G., eds., Nonviolent Action A Research Guide. New York, 1997Sharp, G. The manipulation of Power in Nonviolent Struggle. Monograph Series, No. 3. The Albert Einstein Institution, 1990Smith, Kenneth and Zepp, Ira. Search for the good Community The Thinking of Martin Luther King. Valley Forge Judson Press, 1974.Tutu, Desmond. A Force More Powerful a Century of Nonviolent Conflict. Social Education. (64)5, 2000

Families Growing Weak in America Essay

Higher divorce rates directly contri merelyes to the falling out down of the family structure identifying that families are comeing weaker in the United States. It is hugely essential for family members to remain together in order to maintain a strong family unit where for each one individual in the home is adapted to prosper and develop into a more solid and successful individual contributing to a stronger America.Patrick Fagan and Robert Rector, rationalise the negative effects of divorce on our families in America when they tell us that, (2000, Fagan, Rector) As social scientists come home successive generations of American children whose parents have ended their marriages, the data are principal even some once-staunch supporters to conclude that divorce is hurting American guild and devastating childrens lives. Not only does divorce affect each individual in the family when the separation of the family occurs but it continues to devastate those same lives subsequent in their personal lives and in their careers later in life, contributing to the fault down of families and causing an even weaker America. We also learn from Fagan and Rector that fit in to data reported in 1994 by Mary Corcoran, professor of policy-making science at the University of Michigan, During the years children lived with two parents, their family incomes averaged $43,600, and when these same children lived with one parent, their family incomes averaged $25,300. It is evenhandedly to assume that families are growing weaker in our country and in to entrap a more concrete and stronger family unit, it is extremely crucial that families work harder at staying together in order for the family to be more successful and grow from a weaker family in our country to a stronger one. For children to grow up to be more successful, parents must strive to build a stronger household by taking all necessary means to keep their family together as one.Dr. Scott Haltzman tells us that (2007 , Haltzman, DiGeronimo)Overall, children living with their own married parents have fewer behavioral problems compared to children whose parents are living together but not married. Differences in the force field of physical health also exist. Young children in single-parent families are less(prenominal) healthy overall than are children in all other family types. Children from disjointed homes need extra medical care because of this weakening of the family structure. It is never withal late to start building stronger families and working toward improvement in America. in that respect is outside help being offered to families who feel they may need therapy or other means of help to keep their family together. (1985, Stinnent, DeFrain) Nick Stennett and John DeFrain explain that we can get help and tells us about community service that may be beneficial.He tells us that Many children and families are resilient, but in these complex times, sometimes they need a little avail in o vercoming the obstacles in their lives. Reference Page Fagan, Patrick Rector, Robert. 2000. The Effects of Divorce on America. The World and I. Haltzman, Scott DiGeronimo. 2007. The Secrets of Happily Married Men. Jossey and Bass. Stinnett, Nick Defrain, John. 1985. Secrets of Strong Families. Berkley Books

Cold Sassy

Death is spread totally through break Cold Sassy Tree, a novel that begins with the firing of Mattie Lou and ends with the passing of provenience Blakeley. While the book focuses on mainly on piety and the restrictions of the town Cold Sassy, the Grim Reaper essayms to be floating close to every corner. Cold Sassy Tree by Olive Ann Burns. Is a book that revolves slightly death, and the main character leave Tweedy seems to bop lust how to handle himself from the very start. ordain Tweedy Is fourteen geezerhood old when his grandmother, Mattie Lou act as Blakeley, dies three weeks before the novel begins.There Is no legitimate bill as to why she died, since the author did not specify her sickness, so It was to the highest degree likely due to natural causes. This might have make It or so easier on Mattie Lolls family and the rest of Cold Sassy, who were very close to her, provided It does not keep them all from grieving and mourning to Kingdom Come. They brood on her death and restrict themselves from doing anything they find pleasurable. This Is understandable as soundly as common in their time, seeing that they could be judged for coming away of mourning too quickly.However, young volition sees that there is something wrong with secure upset for such a longsighted period of time l just didnt think I could stand anymore mourning. For three full-length weeks They hadnt let me play baseball or go fishing or anything. (Burns 14). This shows that pull up stakes is somewhat ahead of others when it comes to wrap uping with the demise of close friends and relatives, though he deals with it in a very different way from others. impart Is puzzled by the conformity that is offered from Cold Sassy.He does not see why it is wrong for his gramps, Mr.. Blakeley, to love both his exanimate wife and his new wife, drop Love. He knows that it is strange for his grandfather to be marrying a unsung seamstress shortly after Mattie Lou dies, yet sees th e positive side and recognizes the fact that his grandfather will need help around the house. If Mattie Lou is dead, how can she help Mr.. Blakeley? result has also almost been killed by a train this occurred not long after Mattie Lolls death.The event was very surreal to him, and he was extremely shake when he found that he could very headspring be dead And as knowledge of what could have happened hit me, I started shaking and crying. (Burns 78). In addition to this, Wills friend Bluffed Jackson died the previous year due to cocoas. Will grieves for him during the camping trip with his friends, but he covers it up with humor. That is the revelation Will deals with death through comedy so that he can deal with the emotions he does not understand.However, after he himself almost dies, Will begins to see that he should be more appreciative of life, and It makes him want to understand divinity and death more than ever. This brings us to Wills spiritual mentor, which would be his g randfather, Rocker Blakeley. Rocker helps Will mature In many ways through the novel, neer talk UT sharing his thoughts with young Tweedy. Rocker makes It clear that he Cold Sassy By mahogany seems to be floating around every corner. Cold Sassy Tree by Olive Ann Burns. S a Will Tweedy is fourteen years old when his grandmother, Mattie Lou Toy Blakeley, dies three weeks before the novel begins. There is no real explanation as to why she died, since the author did not specify her sickness, so it was most likely due to natural causes. This might have made it somewhat easier on Mattie Lolls family and the rest of Cold Sassy, who were very close to her, but it does not keep them all from homeless from doing anything they find pleasurable.This is understandable as well as common in their time, seeing that they could be Judged for coming out of staying upset for such a long period of time l Just didnt think I could stand Will is puzzled by the conformity that is offered from Cold Sassy. H e does not see almost dies, Will begins to see that he should be more appreciative of life, and it Blakeley. Rocker helps Will mature in many ways through the novel, never lecturing but sharing his thoughts with young Tweedy. Rocker makes it clear that he

Being Bilingual: Important Skill in a Globalized World Essay

Have you perpetually thought of learning a new spoken communication, and ever wondered what advantages this would give you? peradventure you experience never asked these types of questions before, since you didnt need to speak another wording than your native. Today, being bilingual has become popular, but this is a necessity. In this globalizing humans, oration more than one nomenclature makes people more productive. Researchers say that in that respect are advantages to being bilingual. These advantages kindle be reflected in your work, health, and social life. unity advantage of being bilingual is reflected at work. Now, the unemployment rate is really high, so it is a good idea to increase skills by learning a new language. It is known that being bilingual increase job opportunities. For example, more of the United States population speaks English and Spanish. This causes an authorized change in the vogue companies hire their employees consequently, one of the requi rements is being bilingual. This requirement is important to companies because communication with people that surround the market open the possibility of new customers which means cyberspace rise. At the same time, salary also increases when the employee has the ability to communicate in different language other than English. This is a good reason to be bilingual.Another advantage is seen in your health. Research has shown that being bilingual improves head health. A someone who speaks two languages makes the brain work harder than a mortal who only speaks one language. This ability raises cognitive skills not related to language and even resists Alzheimers disease. As an example, speaking two languages is like recitation the brain and making it strong. In other words, a bilingual person has a working and healthy brain. Finally, a bilingual person is benefited in his social life because he has the opportunity to communicate with people in a different way. Currently, we are able to travel around the world. For example, a tourist visits Mexico where people speak Spanish. If the tourist is bilingual, he leave behind have an easy and winning trip and will enjoy and understand that culture. For this reason, it is important the communication even when is not in native language. Communication is the describe to understand and enjoy the culture diversity which is necessary for a pleasant social life.In conclusion, being bilingual is a skill that can be consider as necessary because this benefits you in your work, health, and your social life. The world is becoming more and more integrated, so having a second language is going to become more common. If you learn a new language, you will help your brain to be healthy, while you have better opportunities in your professional life.

Smart Card

A last word tantalise is a specific typecast of flexible greenback widely distri plainlyedly made of polyvinyl chloride based on polyesters or polycarbonate. It is the size of quotation mailing. There is a 3by 5 mm imbedded mo in the tantalize. trendy card contains either memory card or microprocessor that holds data and information. The microprocessor card erect add, delete, and manipulate information on the card, season a memory-chip card (for example, pre-paid phone card) go off only undertake a pre-defined operation. voguish card game, unlike magnetized stripe card game, tartake carry completely un forefendable functions and information on the card. Therefore, they do non require access to inappropriate databases at the time of the relations. A regular(prenominal) chichicard consists of an 8-bit microprocessor running at slightly 5 MHz with ROM, EEPROM and RAM, to transmither with serial input and end product, all in a single chip that is mounted on a plastic carrier. The operating ashes is typically transshipment centerd in ROM, the CPU routines RAM as its workings memory, and most(prenominal) of the data is stored in EEPROM. Fig-1 shows talented card. HistoryIn 1968 and 1969 German electrical engineers Helmut and Jurgen jointly developed automated chip card. Then after(prenominal) in 1974 French inventor Roland Moreno gives memory card concept called talented card. An important patent for keen tease with a microprocessor and memory as apply today was filed by Jurgen Dethloff in 1976 and granted as USP 4105156 in 1978. The first mass ingestion of the separate was as a border card for recompense in French pay phones get-go in 1983. Carte Bleue After the Telecarte microchips were integrated into all French Carte Bleue calculate card in 1992.Customers inserted the card into the merchants POS terminal, then typed the PIN, before the traffic was accepted. alone very limited proceedings ( such(prenominal)(prenomi nal) as paying small passageway tolls) be processed without a PIN. suffer-card-based electronic purse dusts store capital on the card so that consumeers do non make meshing connectivity and entered service throughout Europe in the mid-1990s. The major boom in stylishness card theatrical role came in the 1990s, with the introduction of offend-card-based SIMs employ in GSM active phone equipment in Europe.With the ubiquity of mobile phones in Europe, fresh cards amaze become very common. Development of pinchless(prenominal) forms Contactless brisk cards that do not require physical contact between card and seeer be becoming increasingly popular for payment and ticketing applications such as mass pass over and motorway tolls. Visa and MasterCard start agree to an easy-to-implement version that was deployed in 20042006 in the USA. about contactless fargon collection implementations atomic number 18 custom and incompatible, though the MIFARE Standard card . shini ng cards are alike being introduced in personal identification at national and outside(a) levels. Citizen cards, drivers licenses, and patient card schemes are appearing. A smart card is a plastic card about the size of a credit card, with an insert microchip that preempt be loaded with data, use for telephone calling, electronic cash payments, and other applications, and then periodically refreshed for additional use. shortly or soon, you may be able to use a smart card to Dial a connection on a mobile telephone and be charged on a per-call basis* run aground your identity when logging on to an Internet access provider or to an online bank * Pay for parking at parking meters or to get on sub ways, trains, or buses * Give hospitals or doctors personal data without weft out a form * Make small purchases at electronic stores on the Web (a kind of cybercash) * Buy gasoline at a gasoline station Over a one million million smart cards are already in use. Currently, Europe is the re gion where they are most used. Ovum, a research firm, predicts that 2. billion smart cards will be shipped annually by 2003. Another study forecasts a $26. 5 billion market for recharging smart cards by 2005. Compaq and Hewlett-Packard are reportedly working on tell apartboards that include smart card slots that corporation be read like bank credit cards. The hardware for reservation the cards and the devices that can read them is currently made principally by Bull, Gemplus, and Schlumberger. How pine card Work A smart card contains more information than a magnetic stripe card and it can be programmed for different applications.Some cards can contain programming and data to support septuple applications and slightly can be updated to add new applications after they are issued. Smart cards can be designed to be inserted into a slot and read by a special ratifier.. An industry standard interface between programming and PC hardware in a smart card has been defined by the PC Working Group, representing Microsoft, IBM and other implicated companies. Like smart cards with contacts, contactless cards do not flummox an internal power source.Instead, they use an inductor to capture some of the contingency radio-frequency interrogation signal, rectify it, and use it to power the cards electronics. Hybrids A hybrid smart card which clearly shows the antenna connected to the main chip Dual-interface cards implement contactless and contact interfaces on a single card with some shared storage and processing. An example is Portos multi-application transport card, called Andante, which uses a chip with two contact and contactless interfaces . Applications First introduced in Europe nearly three decades ago, smart cards debuted as a stored value tool for payphones to reduce theft.As smart cards and other chip-based cards advanced, people found new ways to use them, including charge cards for credit purchases and for record keeping in place of paper. In the U. S . , consumers have been victimization chip cards for everything from visit libraries to buying groceries to attending movies, firmly integrating them into our everyday lives. Several U. S. states have chip card programs in progress for government applications ranging from the Department of tug Vehicles to Electronic Benefit Transfers (EBTs).M either industries have implemented the power of smart cards in their products, such as the GSM digital cellular phones as substantially as TV-satellite decoders. Why Smart Cards Smart cards emend the convenience and protective cover of any transaction. They provide tamper-proof storage of user and rate identity. Smart card systems have proven to be more trustworthy than other machine-readable cards, like magnetic stripe and barcode, with many studies showing card read life and reader life improvements demonstrating much abjecter be of system maintenance. Smart cards also provide vital components of system security or the exchange of dat a throughout virtually any type of network.They protect a reach outst a full range of security threats, from unconcerned storage of user tidingss to sophisticated system hacks. The costs to manage password resets for an organization or enterprise are very high, thus making smart cards a cost-effective solution in these environments. Multifunction cards can also be used to manage network system access and store value and other data. Worldwide, people are now using smart cards for a wide variety of effortless tasks, which include FinancialSmart cards serve as credit or atmospheric state cards, fuel cards, mobile phone SIMs, authorization cards for pay television, kin utility pre-payment cards, high-security identification and access-control cards, and mankind transport and worldly concern phone payment cards. Non-EMV cards work like magnetic stripe cards. This is a typical USA card technology (PayPass Magstripe and VISA MSD). The cards do not hold/ harbour the account balance. All payment passes without a PIN, ordinarily in off-line mode. The security of such a transaction is no greater than with a magnetic stripe card transaction.EMV cards have contact and contactless interfaces. They work as a popular EMV card via contact interface. Via contactless interface they work somewhat differently in that the card play sequence adopts contactless features such as low power and short transaction time. Identification A quickly growing application is in digital identification. In this application, the cards authenticate identity. The most common example employs public give away infrastructure (PKI). The card stores an encrypted digital certificate issued from the PKI provider along with other relevant information.Contactless smart cards that can be read from within a pocket book or even a preen simplify certification however, there is concern over criminals accessing data from these cards. cryptological smart cards are often used for single sign-on. Most a dvanced smart cards include specialized cryptographic hardware that uses algorithms such as RSA and DSA. Todays cryptographic smart cards generate name pairs on board, to avoid the risk from having more than one copy of the key (since by design there usually isnt a way to evince private keys from a smartThe first smart card rivers license system in the world was implemented in 1987 in Turkey. Turkey had a high level of road accidents and decided to develop and use digital tachograph devices on heavy vehicles, instead of the existing mechanical ones, to reduce induce violations. Since 1987, the professional drivers licenses in Turkey are issued as smart cards and the driver is required to insert his drivers license into the digital tachograph before starting to drive. The tachograph unit records speed violations for for each one driver and gives a printed report. The driving hours for each driver is also being monitored and reported.In 1990 the European Union conducted a feasibi lity study through BEVAC Consulting Engineers, titled Feasibility study with respect to a European electronic drivers license (based on a smart-card) on behalf of Directorate General VII. In this study, chapter seven is consecrate to the experience in Turkey, stating that the electronic drivers license application, in the form of smart cards, was first implemented in Turkey in 1987. Public transit Smart cards and integrated ticketing have become widely used by public transit operators around the world. Card users may use their cards for other purposes than for transit, such as small purchases.Computer security The Mozilla Firefox sack up browser can use smart cards to store certificates for use in secure web browsing. Some disk encoding systems, such as TrueCrypt and Microsoft Windows 7 BitLocker, can use smart cards to firm hold encryption keys, and also to add another layer of encryption to critical parts of the secured disk. Smart cards are also used for single sign-on to log on to computers. Smart card support functionality has been added to Windows get it on passports. Schools Smart cards are being provided to savants at schools and colleges. Tracking student attendance * As an electronic purse, to pay for items at canteens, vending machines etc. * Tracking and monitoring food choices at the canteen, to help the student maintain a healthy diet* Tracking loans from the school library health care Smart health cards can improve the security and seclusion of patient information, provide a secure carrier for portable aesculapian records, reduce health care fraud, support new processes for portable checkup records, provide secure access to catch medical information, enable conformation with government initiatives (e. g. organ donation) and mandates, and provide the platform to implement other applications as needed by the health care organization. Advantages The benefits of smart cards are directly related to the volume of information and applicatio ns that are programmed for use on a card. A single contact/contactless smart card can be programmed with multiple banking credentials, medical entitlement, drivers license/public transport entitlement, loyalty programs and club memberships to name just a few. Multi-factor and propinquity authentication can and has been embedded into smart cards to sum up the security of all go on the card.For example, a smart card can be programmed to only allow a contactless transaction if it is also within range of another device like a uniquely polar mobile phone. This can significantly increase the security of the smart card. Individuals gain increased security and convenience when using smart cards designed for interoperability between services. For example, consumers only need to replace one card if their wallet is lost or stolen. Additionally, the data storage available on a card could contain medical information that is critical in an emergency should the card holder allow access to this. The first main proceeds of smart cards is their flexibility. There is no need, for example, to carry several cards one card can simultaneously be an ID, a credit card, a stored-value cash card, and a repository of personal information such as telephone rates or medical history. Such a card can be easily replaced if lost, and, because a PIN number (or other form of security) must be used to access information, is totally useless to people other than its legal bearer. At the first prove to use it illegally, the card would be deactivated by the card reader itself. The secondment main advantage is security.Smart cards can be electronic key rings, giving the bearer ability to access information and physical places without need for online connections. They are encryption devices, so that the user can encrypt and rewrite information without relying on unknown, and therefore potentially untrustworthy, appliances such as ATMs. Smart cards are very flexible in providing authentication at different level of the bearer and the similitude. Finally, with the information about the user that smart cards can provide to the other parties, they are useful devices for customizing products andservices.Other general benefits of smart cards are * Portability * Increasing data storage subject matter * Reliability that is virtually unaffected by electrical and magnetic fields. Smart Cards andElectroniccommerce Smart cards are turning out to be a fundamental piece of the transformation of retailing into electronic commerce. The sensational growth of the Internet is making electronic shopping at to the lowest degree a real possibility, if not a habit, among computer users. However, the business dumbfound used in current electronic commerce applications still cannot make whoopie the full potential of the electronic medium.Moreover, concerns about the reliability of an invisible counterpart and about the safety of the Internet for credit card information increase the wariness a nd thereby limit the use of the electronic shopping on the part of customers. Of the estimated 360 billion payments that took place in the United States in 1995, approximately 300 billion could not have taken place using the existing electronic media. Such transactions involved micro-payments p i. e. payments for less than $10 p which are virtually outside of the electronic line of business for lack of a payment method compatible with such low amounts.Credit cards or checks are simply too expensive to use for micro-payments, and the e-cash currently being experimented on the World Wide Web does not seem to have the characteristics to appeal to shoppers. For this reason, smart cards could be a fundamental building block of widespread use of electronic commerce, since they are an instrument to pay at a low cost for transactions involving small amountsofmoney. Another big advantage of smart cards for electronic commerce is their use for the customization of services.It is already poss ible to purchase tailored services on the World Wide Web p MyYahoo and FireFly are well known examples. However, in order for the service supplier to bring back the customized service, the user has to provide each supplier with her profile p a boring and time consuming activity. A smart card can contain a non-encrypted profile of the bearer, so that the user can get customized services even without previous contacts with the supplier. Finally, smart cards are a key technology enabler for financial institutions.The processing power, the portability and the interactive properties of smart cards will constitute the basis for a revolution in the kin between consumers and banks. PC-based home banking and phone banking will give way to card banking a phone equipped with a smart card reader will be all that is needed for any kind of transaction. A smart card is a plastic card with a small, construct in microcomputer chip and integrated circuit that can store and process a lot of data. I t is considered to be a secure, time thrift device that can access information without use of a PC or the Internet.However, smart cards have both Flexibility * Smart cards have a lot of flexibility. They can store multiple types of information including identification, credit cards, business and family contacts. Cost and Availability * Smart card readers are expensive to produce. These readers are not available in all locations and may have compatibility issues due to the differences of each smart card brand. Adafruit doll Pi Starter Kit Now available in India ProtoCentral protection * Smart cards are individually encrypted and can only be accessed by pin number.However, there is concern about privacy and whether or not information on the card could be accessed or used illegally by the government or other third-party sources. Data wholeness * Information on a smart card cannot be erased or removed accidentally by any electrical or magnetic means. Smart Card Uses * Smart cards ar e useful for circumstance limits on expenses, customizing customer loyalty programs and accessing critical health care information. Smart cards save users from having to remember multiple usernames and passwords. DisadvantagesThe plastic card in which the chip is embedded is fairly flexible, and the larger the chip, the higher the probability that normal use could damage it. Cards are often carried in wallets or pockets, a harsh environment for a chip. However, for large banking systems, failure-management costs can be more than offset by fraud reduction. Client-side identification and authentication cards are the most secure way for e. g. , internet banking applications, but security is never 100% sure. If the account holders computer hosts malware, the security poser may be broken.Malware can override the communication (both input via keyboard and output via application screen) between the user and the application. Rabobank (random reader) in the Netherlands coalesce a smart ca rd with an unconnected card reader to avoid this problem. The customer enters a challenge received from the banks website, a PIN and the transaction amount into the reader, The reader returns an 8-digit signature. This signature is manually entered into the personal computer and support by the bank, preventing malware from changing the transaction amount. Another problem is the lack of standards for functionality and security.