Micah Bustamante. Ms. Buzzeo. Eng 4U1-04 . January 18,

Micah Bustamante Ms. Buzzeo ENG 4U1-04 January 18, 2016 Exploring the Process of Individuation One’s own adversity is the greatest strength in their life. To encounter the challenging hurdles in society, people tend to overcome it through their grim experiences in life. In the novels, Lives of Saints written by Nino Ricci, Beloved written by Toni Morrison and the play King Lear written by William Shakespeare, all authors manage utilizing the characters’ obstacles to make them independent and mature. Shakespeare uses King Lear’s crisis in discovering his identity as an element to reveal the flaws behind his decisions which results in his ultimate downfall. In Lives of Saints, the main character isolation helps him gets a sense of†¦show more content†¦Whereas, In the novel, Lives of the Saints by Ricci, isolation becomes strenuous for Vittorio when rumours identify his moral values and status. Vittorio states â€Å"I was alone now, without friends, and it quickly became clear what my status was with other boys†¦ I was merely shunned, and could not make out the insults which they whispered to each other in class.† (Ricci 107). According to this statement, Vittorio suffers from being permanently neglected by his classmates due the rumour that his mother had an affair with a German soldier during her marriage which is perceived as a taboo in the village. Although, Vittorio did not commence actions that defiles his reputation. His mother’s past action consequently leads to the outcome of being aware of his status in society. Another occurrence of isolation is when one is separated from necessities which heavily impacts the emotional well-being of a person. In my circumstance, self-confidence and audacity are the necessary aspects that my friends took away from me during my high school education. I felt a sense of incompetence since my education performance is subpar in senior years and I was forced to achieve unrealistic standards by my parents. This led my friends to belittle my academic abilities and made me f eel that I do not contribute any value and worth in society. In other words, these character traits are the fundamental aspects needed for one to achieve in

A Short Note On Boyfriend - 1556 Words

â€Å"Seriously?† The taller man mocked. â€Å"Maybe,† the shorter man answered with a bitter chuckle before bobbing his head to the right, displaying the exit door. Taehyung’s eyes flickered to the door before releasing a breath once the gun was removed from his forehead. â€Å"Give us a couple†¦ depending on how good he is, we will decide if he could walk out of here with his life.† Taehyung furrowed his eyebrow at the statement, but quickly focused on Taeyeon’s book once the taller man dropped it in the duffle bag beside Taehyung. â€Å"You know the Boss didn’t send us to fuck the poor boy right?† the taller man reminded the shorter one. â€Å"F-Fuck?† Taehyung croaked out nervously. Did he hear that right? Taehyung naturally assumed the man was talking†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"I am not down for rape.† Taehyung whined pathetically, eyeing the gun with crossed eyes as he tried to keep the man’s bo dy away from him, he was failing. Taehyung released a whimper once he felt the man’s mouth lean in far enough to peck his neck. â€Å"Make it quick, man. We need to return back to Boss. Okay?† The shorter man hummed softly before grinning brightly once he heard his partner bid his farewell, reminding him that he be outside the door, before exiting the room, leaving Taehyung alone with the shorter man. â€Å"My name is Joon-ho,† the shorter man introduce himself, the dark smirk increasing as he adjusted himself over Taehyung. Joon-ho didn’t seemed to like Taehyung’s edging or protest against him because next thing Taehyung knows, he felt his hands moving down his body, lifting and organizing before his hand came up and grabbed his chin again. â€Å"Don’t fucking move! I am talking to you!† Taehyung whined softly as his body started to be arrange with consent, his legs were spread apart giving Joon-ho some space in between and his arms were held above his head with Joon-ho larger one, while the gun pressed against Taehyung’s neck. Taehyung body tremble slightly at the situation he was in, who would of thought he end up here? â€Å"I’ll like you not to call me that, though,† he continued as he started to trace his tongue over the side of Taehyung’s neck, leaving a wet trail behind him. Taehyung wailed loudly as he tried to wiggle away, butShow MoreRelatedThe Short Term Memory Loss1585 Words   |  7 Pages The Short-term Memory Loss Memento is a great, unforgettable movie. Events throughout the film unfold in a confusing and complicated way. The movie starts from the end of the beginning, in a nonlinear narrative. 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Introduction to Management Business Relationship

Question: Discuss about the Introduction to Management for Business Relationship. Answer: Introduction: Organizational efficiency is considered as a measure of the relationship between the organizational resources (inputs) and organizational outputs (goods or services) (Zimmerman and Yahya-Zadeh 2011). It is found that the efficiency of an organization is dependent on the amount of the resources (Bazerman and Moore 2012). On the other hand, using the resources in an efficient way can bring the success to an organization, which can be considered as effectiveness. However, in this case study, it is found that the rapid decision making of the owner of the organization resulted in some drastic changes in the organization, which in turn had an impact on the retention of the employees and the efficiency of the organization. According to the case study, Dharma became busier with the growth of the organization and had to invest more time with the government departments, which left her little time to take care of the organization itself. Therefore, she made her mind and promoted Jenny in a newl y created management role to take care of the organization. However, she failed to carry out her responsibilities and Dharma realized that the organization is suffering more, and she is the responsible person of this deteriorating condition. Dharma found that the employees are not happy with the leadership of Jenny. A large number of volunteers are not satisfied with Jennys attitude and are deciding to leave the organization. In the following article, the impact of management decision making and the role of the managers of an organization will be analysed critically reflecting the case study. Research: The effectiveness of an organization is always dependent on the efficient use of the resources of the company that may include the employees and the raw materials for the productions. However, according to Groot et al. (2010), without an effective leadership style, it is not possible to use the resources in an efficient way and reach the organization's goal. Therefore, the implementation of strategic leadership has increased in a significant way in recent years. From the research study of Anderson et al. (2015), it is found that an ideal leadership can only motivate the fellow employees or the staffs of the organization. A leader can build a cohesive team and extract the best work from them. The secret behind the success of an organization always is an efficient leader who promotes team works and influences the employees to give their best for the organization (Gregory et al. 2012). In order to find out the role of the managers in an organization to increase the efficiency of the organization, a throughout research has been performed. To fulfil the objective of the study, some relevant literature has been collected from the authentic databases. To find out relevant articles a search strategy has been developed, which is as follows- Name of the databases: Google Scholar, Pubmed, PlosOne, Charles Darwin University Search Terminologies: Management decision and organizational efficiency, leadership style and organizational efficiency Search result: 245 articles were initially selected after excluding the similar journals. After that, five journals were finally found as relevant with the case study. All of the journals are valid as they were published within the last five years and helpful to enlighten the issue described in the case study. Analysis: According to Wu and Pagell (2011), making decisions, which are appropriate for the organizations growth and maintain its sustainability in the market is solely dependent on the managers of the organizations. From this research study, it is found that the need of increasing demands on the natural resources and environmental protection are forcing the organizations to restructure their business model as well as their supply chains. Although the proactive companies and the scholars already started to create a more sustainable supply chains, the adaptation of these strategies in the companies have never been discussed. In this article, the researchers showed that the sudden changes in the infrastructure of the organization had a deep impact on the employee retention and other associated factors. On the other hand, the study of Kallunki, Laitinen and Silvola (2011) showed the impact of changing in resource plan and rapid decision making can have a deep impact on the performances of a firm . The role of the management on the drastic decision making was also analysed by the researchers. This empirical analysis has been performed based on the data collected from 70 Finnish business units. The results showed that the modification in enterprise systems improved the efficiency of the firms the employees faced difficulties to adopt with the rapid changes Vaiman, Scullion and Collings (2012), showed in their research study, the key issues faced by the managers of an organization in the context of decision making. The findings of this research study reflect that the mangers are the leaders of the organization who can encourage and influence the employees of the organization to contribute their best for the company. However, it is found that most of the managers failed to meet the responsibilities as they failed to follow proper leadership style. According to the author of this article, transactional leadership is the appropriate one that can be followed by the managers to imp rove the present condition of an organization. On the other hand, Vaccaro et al. (2012) showed in their research study that management innovations such as new managerial practices, structures and process are every important for the development of an organization. In this article, the researchers explored the role of leadership behaviour as the key to the improvement of an organization. The researchers mainly compared the efficiency of the transformational and transactional leadership in an organizational structure. Based on the findings it can be said that both of the leadership styles are efficient in order to increase the efficiency of the organization; however, the success of the leadership style is dependent on the characteristics of the leaders and the environment of the organization. Interestingly it is found that the implementation of transactional leadership style is best for the smaller organizations such as nonprofits organizations. The article of Robert, Shepherd and Shar fman (2011) showed that despite the good leadership style the organization can experience failure if the managers fail to make "good decisions." In this article, the researchers adopted a psychological perspective of judgment in order to investigate the strategic decisions of the managers. The inconsistent judgments of the managers are helpful to shape the direction of the organization. The results reflect that the mangers with greater meta-cognitive experiences make "less erratic decision." From the result, it is also found that the hostile environment of the organization pushed a manager to make erratic decisions. With the dynamic nature of the organizations, the managers are always pushed to make several critical decisions that can have an impact on the employees as well as on the organizational culture. Therefore, the responsibilities go to the managers to make good decisions, which will generate positive energy among the employees and help them to accommodate the sudden changes in the organizational structure. Application of the findings of the case study: The sustainability of an organization is dependent on the decision making of the managers: According to the case study, it is recognized that Dharma made her decision to make Jenny the new manager, which is not only abrupt but also inconvenient since Jenny does not have any experiences. The resources planning system is dependent on the managers decision: Based on the case study it is found that Jenny is not behaving properly with the employees, which is having an impact on the employee retention. This non-for-profit organization is solely dependent on the volunteers. Therefore, the ill-behave of the manger is hampering the organization's resources. Managers should be open-minded and innovative while facing challenges: Dharma is becoming busy with the departments and is unable to take care of the organization. To handle the situation she promoted Jenny (an efficient employee) as the new manager. However, the decision was not right since Jenny has no experience. Transactional leadership style is better for the small organizations progress: The leadership style followed by Jenny is not appropriate for the organization. The volunteers and the employees need to be recognized by the managers and not to be criticized. Therefore, this organization needs to follow transactional leadership. Only mangers can take decisions that can generate positive energy among the employees and promote team work: According to the case study, it is found that Jenny is not acting in a proper way. As a manager, she has to recognize the employees and influence them to work together and give best for the organization. However, her open criticism is running the team work and draining out the positive energy. Conclusion: After evaluating the case study, it can be said that the organizational culture of this small organization is de-motivating due to some erratic strategic decisions are taken by the management (Dharma). Based on the circumstances may be a new manager needs to be recruited, but it is found that Jenny is not the appropriate one. In order to generate positive energy and increase the efficiency of the organization, Dharma needs to take more responsibility and train Jenny for the new job role. Recommendations: Based on the evaluation of the organizations present condition following recommendations can be made- Dharma needs to train Jenny to handle the job responsibility. Initiatives should be taken to promote teamwork. Initiatives should be taken to promote positive energy within the organization. Reference Anderson, D., Sweeney, D., Williams, T., Camm, J. and Cochran, J., 2015.An introduction to management science: quantitative approaches to decision making. Cengage Learning. Bazerman, M. and Moore, D.A., 2012. Judgment in managerial decision making. De Groot, R.S., Alkemade, R., Braat, L., Hein, L. and Willemen, L., 2010. Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management and decision making.Ecological Complexity,7(3), pp.260-272. Gregory, R., Failing, L., Harstone, M., Long, G., McDaniels, T. and Ohlson, D., 2012.Structured decision making: a practical guide to environmental management choices. John Wiley Sons. Kallunki, J.P., Laitinen, E.K. and Silvola, H., 2011. Impact of enterprise resource planning systems on management control systems and firm performance.International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,12(1), pp.20-39. Robert Mitchell, J., Shepherd, D.A. and Sharfman, M.P., 2011. Erratic strategic decisions: when and why managers are inconsistent in strategic decision making.Strategic Management Journal,32(7), pp.683-704. Vaccaro, I.G., Jansen, J.J., Van Den Bosch, F.A. and Volberda, H.W., 2012. Management innovation and leadership: The moderating role of organizational size.Journal of Management Studies,49(1), pp.28-51. Vaiman, V., Scullion, H. and Collings, D., 2012. Talent management decision making.Management Decision,50(5), pp.925-941. Wu, Z. and Pagell, M., 2011. Balancing priorities: Decision-making in sustainable supply chain management.Journal of Operations Management,29(6), pp.577-590. Zimmerman, J.L. and Yahya-Zadeh, M., 2011. Accounting for decision making and control.Issues in Accounting Education,26(1), pp.258-259.

Oedipus The King Free Will Vs Fate Essays - Greek Mythology

Oedipus the King: Free Will vs Fate Oedipus the King: Free Will vs Fate The events in Oedipus the King, written by Sophocles, show an underlying relationship of man's free will existing within the cosmic order or fate which the Greeks believed guided the universe in a harmonious purpose. Man was free to choose and was ultimately held responsible for his own actions. Both the concept of fate and free will played an itregal part in Oedipus' destruction. Although he was a victim of fate, he was not controlled by it. Oedipus was destined from birth to someday marry his mother and to murder his father. This prophecy, as warned by the oracle of Apollo at Delphi was unconditional and inevitably would come to pass, no matter what he may have done to avoid it. His past actions were determined by fate, but what he did in Thebes, he did so of his own will. From the beginning of this tragedy, Oedipus took many actions leading to his own downfall. Oedipus could have waited for the plague to end, but out of compassion for his suffering people, he had Creon go to Delphi. When he learned of Apollo's word, he could have calmly investigated the murder of the former King Laius, but in his hastiness, he passionately curses the murderer, and in so, unknowingly curses himself. "Upon the murderer I invoke this curse- whether he is one man and all unknown, or one of many- may he wear out his life in misery or doom! If with my knowledge he lives at my hearth, I pray that I myself may feel my curse." (pg. 438; lines 266-271) In order for Sophecles' Greek audience to relate to the tragic figure, he had to have some type of flaws or an error of ways. This brought the character down to a human level, invoking in them the fear that "it could happen to them." And Oedipus certainly is not one without flaws. His pride, ingnorance, insolence and disbelief in the gods, and unrelenting quest for the truth ultimately contributed to his destuction. When Oedipus was told (after threatening Teiresias), that he was responsible for the murder of Laius, he became enraged and calls the old oracle a liar. He ran away from his home, Corinth, in hopes of outsmarting the gods divine will. Like his father, Oedipus also sought ways to escape the horrible destiny told by the oracle of Apollo. The chorus warns us of man's need to have reverence for the gods, and the dangers of too much pride. "If a man walks with haughtiness of hand or word and gives no heed to Justice and the shrines of Gods despises- may an evil doom smite him for his ill-starred pride of heart!- if he reaps gains without justice and will not hold from impiety and his fingers itch for untouchable things. When such things are done, what man shall contrive to shield his soul from the shafts of the God?" (pg. 452; 975-984) Oedipus' unyielding desire to uncover the truth about Laius' murder and the mystery surrounding his own birth, led him to the tragic realization of his horrific deeds. Teiresias, Jocasta and the herdsman tried to stop him from pursuing the truth. Take for example a part of the last conversation between Jocasta and Oedipus. After realizing that the prophecy had came true, Jacasta begs him to just let the mystery go unsolved for once. "I beg you- do not hunt this out- I beg you, if you have any care for your own life. What I am suffering is enough." (pg. 461; 1158-1161) Oedipus replies, "I will not be persuaded to let chance of finding out the whole thing clearly." (pg. 461; 1166-1167) He is unable to stop his quest for the truth, even under his wife's pleading. For it is in his own vain that he must solve the final riddle, the riddle of his own life. Upon discovery of the truth of his birth from the herdsman, Oedipus cries, "I who first saw the light bred of a match accursed, and accursed in my living with them, cursed in my killing." (pg. 465; 1300-1303) Oedipus knew that his fate had indeed come to pass and feels cursed by it. The chorus then sings an ode on the sorrow of life and the tragic fate to which even the most honored, like Oedipus are ultimately subject. "What man, what man on earth wins more happiness than a seeming and after that turning away? Oedipus you are my pattern of

Shakespearean Insults From A to Z

Shakespearean Insults From A to Z William Shakespeare is one of the best insult-slinging writers in the English language. Do you ever find yourself wishing you had an inventive way to let off steam? Try some of these clever Shakespearean quips, organized alphabetically by the work in which they are found. Shakespearean Insults Alls Well that Ends Well (2.3.262)â€Å"You are not worth another word, else Id call you knave.†As You Like It (3.2.248)â€Å"I do desire we may be better strangers.†The Comedy of Errors (4.2.22-5)â€Å"He is deformed, crooked, old and sere, /  Ill-faced, worse bodied, shapeless everywhere; /  Vicious, ungentle, foolish, blunt, unkind; /  Stigmatical in making, worse in mind.†The Comedy of Errors (4.4.24)â€Å"Thou whoreson, senseless villain!†Coriolanus (2.1.36)â€Å"You abilities are too infant-like for doing much alone.†Coriolanus (2.1.59)â€Å"They lie deadly that tell you you have good faces .†Coriolanus (2.1.91)â€Å"More of your conversation would infect my brain.†Coriolanus (5.1.108-9)â€Å"For such things as you, I can scarce think theres any, yere so slight.†Coriolanus (5.4.18)â€Å"The tartness of his face sours ripe grapes.†Cymbeline (1.1.128)â€Å"Away! Thourt poison to my blood.†Hamlet (2.2.198) â€Å"They have a plentiful lack of wit.†Hamlet (5.2.335-6)â€Å"Here, thou incestuous, murderous, damned Dane, /  Drink off this potion!† 1 Henry IV (2.4.225-6)â€Å"This sanguine coward, this bed-presser, this horseback-breaker, this huge hill of flesh!†1 Henry IV (2.4.227-9)â€Å"Sblood, you starveling, you elf-skin, you dried neats tongue, you bulls pizzle, you stock-fish! O for breath to utter what is like thee! you tailors-yard, you sheath, you bowcase; you vile standing-tuck!†1 Henry IV (3.3.40)â€Å"There’s no more faith in thee than in a stewed prune.†2 Henry IV (2.4.120-22)â€Å"Away, you cut-purse rascal! you filthy bung, away! By this wine, Ill thrust my knife in your mouldy chaps, an you play the saucy cuttle with me. Away, you bottle-ale rascal! you basket-hilt stale juggler, you!Henry V (2.1.100)â€Å"O braggart vile and damned furious wight!†Henry V (3.2.30)â€Å"He is white-livered and red-faced.†1 Henry VI (3.2.54)â€Å"Hag of all despite!â€Å"1 Henry VI (5.4.30-1)â€Å"Take her away; for she hath lived too long, /  To fill the world with vicious qualiti es.†3 Henry VI (5.6.54-5)â€Å"Teeth hadst thou in thy head when thou wast born, /  To signify thou camest to bite the world.† Julius Caesar (1.1.36)â€Å"You blocks, you stones, you worse than senseless things!†King Lear (2.2.14-24)â€Å"A knave; a rascal; an eater of broken meats; base, proud, shallow, beggarly, three-suited, hundred-pound, filthy, worsted-stocking knave; a lily-livered, action-taking knave, a whoreson, glass-gazing, super-serviceable finical rogue; one-trunk-inheriting slave; one that wouldst be a bawd, in way of good service, and art nothing but the composition of a knave, beggar, coward, pandar, and the son and heir of a mongrel bitch: one whom I will beat into clamorous whining, if thou deniest the least syllable of thy addition.†King John (4.3.105)â€Å"O you beast! /  Ill so maul you and your toasting-iron, /  That you shall think the devil is come from hell.†Measure for Measure (2.1.113)â€Å"You are a tedious fool.†Measure for Measure (3.1.151-3)â€Å"O faithless coward! O dishonest wretch! /  Wilt thou be made a man out of my vice?†Measure for Measure (3.2.56)â€Å"Some report a sea-maid spawn’d him; some that he was begot between two stock-fishes. But it is certain that when he makes water his urine is congealed ice.† The Merry Wives of Windsor (2.3.21)â€Å"Thou art a Castilian King urinal!†The Merry Wives of Windsor (5.5.60)â€Å"Vile worm, thou wast o’erlook’d even in thy birth.†Othello (4.2.50)â€Å"Heaven truly knows that thou art false as hell.†Pericles (4.6.156)â€Å"Thy food is such /  As hath been belchd on by infected lungs.†Richard III (1.2.58)â€Å"Thou lump of foul deformity!†Richard III (1.2.159)â€Å"Out of my sight! thou dost infect my eyes.†The Taming of the Shrew (4.1.116)â€Å"You peasant swain! You whoreson malt-horse drudge!†The Tempest (3.2.29-30)â€Å"Why, thou deboshed fish thou...Wilt thou tell a monstrous lie, being but half a fish and half a monster?†Troilus and Cressida (2.1.10)â€Å"Thou bitch-wolfs son!†Troilus and Cressida (2.1.16-7)â€Å"I think thy horse will sooner con an oration than /  thou learn a prayer without book.†Troilus and Cressida (2.1.41)â€Å"Thou sodden-witted lo rd! thou hast no more brain than I have in mine elbows.†Troilus and Cressida (4.2.31)â€Å"Go hang yourself, you naughty mocking uncle!†Troilus and Cressida (2.1.106)â€Å"I shall cut out your tongue.† /  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Tis no matter, I shall speak as much wit as thou afterwards.†

A Timeline of the European Union

A Timeline of the European Union Follow this timeline to learn about the series of steps over decades that led to the creation of the European Union. Pre-1950 1923: Pan European Union society formed; supporters include Konrad Adenauer and Georges Pompidou, later leaders of Germany and France.1942: Charles de Gaulle calls for a union.1945: World War II ends; Europe is left divided and damaged.1946: European Union of Federalists forms to campaign for a United States of Europe.September 1946: Churchill calls for a United States of Europe based around France and Germany to increase the chance of peace.January 1948: Benelux Customs Union formed by Belgium, Luxembourg, and Netherlands.1948: Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC) created to organize the Marshall Plan; some argue this is not unified enough.April 1949: NATO forms.May 1949: Council of Europe formed to discuss closer co-operation. 1950s May 1950: Schuman Declaration (named after the French Foreign Minister) proposes French and German coal and steel communities.April 19, 1951: European Coal and Steel Community Treaty signed by Germany, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, Belgium, and Netherlands.May 1952: European Defence Community (EDC) Treaty.August 1954: France rejects the EDC treaty.March 25, 1957: Treaties of Rome signed: creates Common Market / European Economic Community (EEC) and European Atomic Energy Community.January 1, 1958: Treaties of Rome come into effect. 1960s 1961: Britain tries to join the EEC but is rejected.January 1963: Franco-German Treaty of Friendship; they agree to work together on many policy issues.January 1966: Luxembourg Compromise gives majority vote on some issues, but leaves national veto on key areas.July 1, 1968: Full customs union created in the EEC, ahead of schedule.1967: British application again rejected.December 1969: Hague summit to â€Å"relaunch† the Community, attended by heads of state. 1970s 1970: Werner Report argues economic and monetary union possible by 1980.April 1970: Agreement for EEC to raise own funds through levies and customs duties.October 1972: Paris Summit agrees on plans for the future, including economic and monetary union and ERDF fund to support depressed regions.January 1973: UK, Ireland, and Denmark join.March 1975: First meeting of the European Council, where heads of state gather to discuss events.1979: First direct elections to European Parliament.March 1979: Agreement to create the European Monetary System. 1980s 1981: Greece joins.February 1984: Draft Treaty on European Union produced.December 1985: Single European Act agreed; takes two years to ratify.1986: Portugal and Spain join.July 1, 1987: Single European Act comes into effect. 1990s February 1992: Maastricht Treaty / Treaty on European Union signed.1993: Single Market begins.November 1, 1993: Maastricht Treaty comes into effect.January 1, 1995: Austria, Finland, and Sweden join.1995: Decision taken to introduce the single currency, the Euro.October 2, 1997: Treaty of Amsterdam makes minor changes.January 1, 1999: Euro introduced in eleven counties.May 1, 1999: Treaty of Amsterdam comes into effect. 2000s 2001: Treaty of Nice signed; extends majority voting.2002: Old currencies were withdrawn, ‘Euro’ becomes the sole currency in the majority of EU; Convention on the Future of Europe created to draw up a constitution for larger EU.February 1, 2003: Treaty of Nice comes into effect.2004: Draft constitution signed.May 1, 2004: Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovak Republic, Czech Republic, Slovenia join.2005: Draft constitution rejected by voters in France and the Netherlands.2007: Lisbon Treaty signed, this modified the constitution until it was deemed a sufficient compromise; Bulgaria and Romania join.June 2008: Irish voters reject the Lisbon Treaty.October 2009: Irish voters accept the Lisbon Treaty.December 1, 2009: Lisbon Treaty comes into effect.2013: Croatia joins.2016: United Kingdom votes to leave.

Visual analysis of biopic film 'Citizen Kane' and its underlying Essay

Visual analysis of biopic film 'Citizen Kane' and its underlying feature - Essay Example The film received nine Oscar nominations, but won only one for Best Original Screenplay (Citizen, 1997). The pessimistic theme of the spiritually failed man is illustrated from various unreliable points of view or perspectives, of different characters. This at times provides a contradictory and non-sequential portrait. The film illustrates the tragic story of a rags-to-riches child who was lucky to inherit a fortune. The child was taken by a wealthy banker, from his father, mother and humble surroundings. He was raised by the banker, and he eventually became a very wealthy, energetic and arrogant newspaperman. He built his reputation as a generous champion of the poor and the underprivileged in the society. This is because he had his mind focused on a political career (Jonathan, 2007). However, his political aspirations shuttered following the revelation of an improper love affair with a professional singer. The life of Kane was self-destructed due to the desire of fulfilling the ultimate American dream of power, success, wealth, fame, and immortality. Following his two failed marriages, he turned into a tyrannical monster. He spent his final days alone and unhappy (Christey, 2004). He met his death in a refuge of his desire, a magnificent castle filled with treasured possessions to make up for the emptiness in his life. The film created controversy before it was shown on May 1, 1941 in New York City. This is because it was believed to caricaturize and fictionalizes unique events and persons related to William Randolph Hearst (Higham, 1985). Hearst was a very powerful and influential publisher and newspaper magnate during that time. The controversy as a result of the film also entailed ruthless suppression during early 1941, due to FBI investigations, newspaper smears, intimidation, discrediting, and blackmail. The film faced accusations of

Ancestry in a Drop of Blood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ancestry in a Drop of Blood - Essay Example The knowledge of the underlying historical issues of Indians is vital for their social integration especially in the US. This seeks to enable them establish their origin and â€Å"tribe membership†. Consequently, it seeks to enable them to understand their ancient cultural practices and social values that define what it means to be an Indian (Kaplan, 1). As indicated â€Å"Ancestry in a one drop rule† is a historical term used in the US for social classification of various communities and groups, for example, the Indians. The use of the term in describing various societies has made individuals from the settings to engage in systematic modalities to establish their origin (Kaplan, 1). Their interest, for example, the Indians is to establish their â€Å"tribe membership† to avert falling victims of â€Å"racism† in US. Indians who are referred to as Native Americans by the academicians leave in the northern part of the state. It is believed that their descendants are in the northern part of the state and that that is their origin. However, the reference of the Indians as invisible black people has prompted their quest to establish their real identity through â€Å"DNA tests† (Kaplan, 1). The tests are to enable citizens to establish their real origin and native landscape to quell the mixed reports on their origin. The â€Å"DNA tests† will be executed through â€Å"blood quantum† that is a credible procedure of conducting the test. This is to facilitate the identification of individual’s immediate parents and lineage setting (Benhabib, 73). Indeed, some of the Indians preferred to be called native speakers while some had preference to Indian. The term Indian was found later to be politically incorrect since it encourages racism that compromises integration. Some objected the idea of being referred to as native inhabitants since native means a person who is born at the location in question that they doubted. Ideally, the principle of blackness

Most Influential Books on Leadership Essay Example for Free

Most Influential Books on Leadership Essay Leadership is an issue which has been in the limelight in every aspect of human governance. Human development has been linked with management and directions which are part of leadership. Various characteristics of leadership have therefore been identified from various areas in life. This paper aims at identifying three different types of books on leadership which are recognized to be the most influential. The first choice is the book â€Å"Talent Is Never Enough: Discover the Choices That Will Take You beyond Your Talent† by John C. Maxwell . The author holds that talent is never enough in leadership. There are many different people in the whole world , thus showing that talent will never end. Nevertheless if acquiring that talent were just enough for everybody, then we would all be at a higher level and being full of potentials. There are therefore other things that need to be included in our talents so as to be able to discover those opportunities especially when it comes to business. People need to come up with other discoveries which would take them more steps beyond the talents they have. In businesses today, most leaders mostly concentrate more on the talents they have alone. The writer of this book, who in this case is a known expert in leadership John C. Maxwell argues that this is not the right way to achieving success. In his discourse, he describes how highly talented people who are globally known would be very successful if talent was the only contingency for that matter . That is not however the case. The book goes on to place more emphasis and support the writer’s decision by highlighting the fact that society is full of people who could have been great men and women if only they used other ideas apart from what they call talent. The author talks of prominent people like Jefferson, Nameth, Churchill, Bono, Oprah, and Dickens whom, apart from their talents, went steps ahead to the next level of increasing their talents and maximizing it to improve the world. They employed more efforts to what they discovered as their talent to capture other opportunities in life. That is why they are the talk of the world. According to Max, talent should therefore be present. It should however be followed by other measures that improve it. With different examples given of those people who maximized their talents, there are a few who did not. The author thus goes ahead to encourage the reader to support the authors views and improve their lives by giving thirteen key choices one can adopt to become a person with advanced and maximized talent (Maxwell J. C(2009). The second selection of the most influential leadership books that I would recommend is â€Å"The Skinny of the Art of Persuasion† by Jim Randel. In leadership, persuasion is one of the most important skills that a leader should posses. This book provides sound and detailed information on persuasion in leadership. Moreover, it offers other important recommendations on persuasion from various prominent leaders. The book advices on persuasion thanks to the fact that the author is an attorney besides being well experienced in the field. Further, apart from his experience Randel quotes people like Kevin Hogan, James Speakman, Dave Lakhani, Dale Carnegie, Robert Cialdini, Tom Hopkins, Malcolm Gladwell, and others in his discussion on persuasion in leadership. This approach puts more emphasis on the author’s concept. He states that persuasion basically involves integrity. To add to his topic, Randell gives his personal life stories regarding leadership which still bothers him till then. To understand and get acquainted with what he is insinuating, his book finalizes with tips which are easy to understand about a good persuader in leadership (Alegre M. 2010). The third influential book on leadership is John Ferling’s new book on â€Å"The Ascent of George Washington. † It talks about the relationship between leadership and education. It is very important -especially in the current world to link leadership with the educational backgrounds of those aspiring to be leaders in future. George Washington was an educated man in leadership. He had focus in his politics due to the great boost from his education. This is an ideal model of how leaders should learn to lead others. The author in this book goes ahead to reveal Washington as a political genius due to the fact that he was politically focused, ambitious, and was driven to succeed. Although described by the author as the most untactful and indecisive in times of crises, Washington was the only right person to lead Americans to independence. His character, boldness, judgment, industriousness, determination, and skillful political thinking were remarkable. It is a book that explains how one does not need to be perfect to achieve greatness (Alegre M. 010). Therefore, these books cover some of the most important aspects of leadership which most people fail to identify while leading others. Since most of us are leaders in one way or another, it is equally important to consider reviewing such influential leadership books to acquire various tips of leadership and also as stated by Maxwell to improve our talents in leadership. This strategy will not only boost our leadership qualities, but will also enable us to identify new opportunities in life and be able to pursue only the best of them.

The Battle of Vimy Ridge: A Symbol of Canadian National Pride & Awarene

The years since the Battle of Vimy Ridge may have passed quickly, but the legacy of the Canadians whose accomplishments were great in that pivotal First World War battle lives on. Many people claim to this day that Canada came of age as a country on those hard April days in 1917. At first, through the meticulous planning of the battle, the world saw a nation capable of working together and making decisions as a team. Afterwards, with the range of technical and tactical innovations involved in the attack, the world saw a strong nation unafraid to protect and defend. In the end, through great sacrifice the world bore witness to the birth of the Canadian legacy. To conclude that the nation was born on April 9th 1917, on the Artois plains is to deny over three centuries of history during which the ancestors of millions of Canadians devoted their lives to building the country. This is why the Battle of Vimy Ridge wasn’t the birth of Canada itself, but the birth of our legacy- the à ¢â‚¬Ëœtrue’ origin of our nation. Planning is one of the, if not the most, important element of war. This is why the hard-work Canadian military forces put into planning for the attack on Vimy Ridge earned the nation much deserved respect in the eyes of other countries around the world. Germany captured Vimy Ridge early in the war and made it into a strong defensive position, consisting of a huge system of tunnels and trenches manned by soldiers with machine guns and artillery pieces. Previous Allied attacks on Vimy Ridge in 1914 and 1915 had cost the British and French hundreds of thousands of casualties and had been mostly unsuccessful.The planning and preparations for the attack were extensive, and time consuming. The Canadians were trained rigorously. Models of... ...eterans Affairs Canada. http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/memorials/overseas/first-world-war/france/vimy/battle (accessed April 4, 2014). Canadian War Museum. "The Battle of Vimy Ridge, 9-12 April 1917." WarMuseum.ca. http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/vimy/index_e.shtml (accessed April 2, 2014). "The Nationalism Project: Ernest Renan Defining the Nation." The Nationalism Project. http://www.nationalismproject.org/what/renan.htm (accessed April 4, 2014). "Vimy Ridge." Library and Archives Canada. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/first-world-war/interviews/025015-1200-e.html#a.essay (accessed April 4, 2014). "Vimy Ridge." The Canadian Encyclopedia. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/vimy-ridge/ (accessed April 3, 2014). "firstworldwar.com." First World War. http://www.firstworldwar.com/battles/vimyridge.htm (accessed April 4, 2014).

Day the Earth Stood Still

Ill never forget the day the earth stood still. It was as if the planet’s entire population had conspired against me to formulate the most detrimental plan that would forever change my life. In fact, it still seems like just yesterday Becky and I were walking on the beach hand in hand with that new relationship glow in our eyes. We were always a great team. A modern day Bonnie and Clyde it seemed like. But as the saying goes, things are never what they appear to be. The first time Becky and I considered one another an item, it seemed weird because we had always grown up best friends. We had never intended to be more than that but after spending countless hours together, we began to realize that our friendship started to develop into something more. At first, things were going really well. She was always really adamant about spending as much with me as possible, and we were always together. We would sit around my house and watch movies as we ate popcorn and acted like your typical adolescent couple. The only difference was this wasn’t puppy love to me, this was the real thing. Unfortunately after about a year, things progressively slowed down and our â€Å"newlywed† antics eventually died out. Things just didn’t seem as exciting as they used to be. Although we still hung out all the time, Becky started to drift. Her calls became more infrequent and her monotone voice provided a clear indication that she just didn’t feel the same anymore. Even still, we tried to fight through it and after a while things got somewhat better. It was only a few months later that our relationship went sour again. No matter how hard I tried, my best was just never good enough. Everything became an argument and it seemed like Becky and I had gone from being perfectly compatible, to mixing like oil and water. It’s sad to say, but I must have been blinded by all of the â€Å"I love you† and â€Å"you’re the only one I ever want to be with† comments because I became completely oblivious to what was occurring literally right under my nose. One night, I decided I would surprise Becky at her house after she got out of work. My plan was to sneak through her window, light up several candles throughout her room, and set a romantic tone for the evening. I called her several times and strangely, she didn’t pick up. Becky always worked late as the head waitress at Hooters, and she would always show up to my house dead tired from working so much. I figured she was probably just really busy and wasn’t able to answer her phone. Either way, I decided that I would go to her house about an hour prior to her getting out of work to ensure that I wouldn’t let her spoil the surprise in the event she came home early. I decided that I would go in through the back entrance of her complex, and park my car behind her building to avoid being spotted. I pulled in and began looking around for parking spaces that Becky wouldn’t drive by. As I pulled around the left side of the three story white building, I noticed something extremely odd. Becky’s car was parked in a guest parking spot. Not only was it parked in such a strange location, but it was sitting on the complete opposite side of her apartment. That’s when a feeling shot through my blood, and a voice within me began to tell me that something wasn’t right. I began creeping along side the building watching my every step to make sure I didn’t make any noise. I tried to look through her window but her blinds were down and the light was off. I walked slowly to the front door and turned the golden handle. I’ll never forget the sound of the door as I cracked it open slowly. It was so loud and blatant it seemed like the next door neighbors could have heard it. Luckily for me though, nobody did. I tip-toed to the door and put my ear up against it, only to hear the sounds that any man would pay to never have to listen to. I stormed through the door only to find Becky in bed with one of my co-workers who was also my best friend. I stood there speechless. I don’t think that anyone can fathom the feeling that runs through you when something like that happens. It’s not so much the actual sight of it that really made me feel like I had been treated so unfairly, it was the â€Å"it’s not what it looks like† and â€Å"let me explain† comments that did it. After I stood there with a smirk that would have made the devil cringe, I politely excused myself, told them I was sorry, and walked back to my car. Oddly enough, it would have been a lot easier to burst open the door, yell, scream, and really let them know how unfairly I had been treated by both of them. But what was the point? Once I left, they would go back to what they were doing and I would look like complete fool. Instead, I decided to be the bigger person, change my number, and let Karma do the rest.

Chapters 11-16 of the novel Essay

Frankenstein is a novel written by Mary Shelley in the late 17th century which depicts a story about a scientist in Geneva who becomes obsessed with creating life. In his journey he comes across some notes of a professor in which specific notions on creating a living creature are contained. With these notes and his wild imagination Frankenstein puts together parts of corpses and revolutionises science by successfully creating a living creature. However, all is not merry, as Frankenstein realises his creation is disparate to human beings but that he has transformed what was once a dead corpse into a wretched monster. After abandoning his creation and later trying to kill it so as to cover up his unworthy work, Frankenstein effectively drives the monster out of his lab to fend for himself. At the end of Chapter 10 the reader is given Frankenstein’s view of his creation; he says ‘breathless horror and disgust filled my heart’ at this very point we begin to see Frankenstein’s dream to create life disappear and the reader is left feeling as horrified and disgusted as Frankenstein, towards the monster. Frankenstein continues his horrid reaction by stating ‘a thing such as Dante could not have conceived’ this phrase puts to light the actual horror of the monster because Frankenstein states that even Dante, a fantasist of evil, was not able to come up with such a creation. In Chapters 11 to 16 of the novel we see the epic voyage through the eyes of the monster as Shelley adopts the persona of the monster. Shelly’s portrayal of the monster in this distinguished technique helps us to better understand what the monster thinks and how his emotions change as he becomes more conscious of himself and his surroundings. Our feelings towards the monster change significantly and we begin to see a very different and unexpected side of him. The monster begins by telling us about his first memory of himself; he says that ‘a strange multiplicity of sensations seized me, and I saw, felt, heard and smelt at the same time’ this portrays the monster as a new born baby learning about the simple senses that all humans use. As the monster introduces us to his first day in the woods he says that ‘I felt tormented by hunger and thirst’ this illustrates the monster as a normal person who has to feed himself to live. Also the monster tells us ‘feeling pain invade me on all sides, I sat down and wept’ here we are able to distinctively see that the monster is no more different than a small child as both cry when they seem to find no remedy for their pain. Also we are introduced to the feelings of the monster which come to play a very important role in his later life. As we become more learned about the monsters feelings and actions we are presented by the more intellectual and able side. He begins by telling as that he is able to distinguish between insects and herbs and continues to show how rapidly he is able to learn by differentiating one herb from another. This shows the immense intellect of the monster and also makes the reader more attached since there becomes a similarity between the monster and humans. The monster tells us that he ‘began also to observe, with greater accuracy, the forms that surrounded me’ this shows that the monster is able to process his sight with major accuracy and is able to learn about his surroundings easily. He continues to say ‘my mind received every day additional ideas’ now we are able to understand that the monster has the ability of thought and has an imagination, the one attribute that differentiates humans from all other creatures. As we continue we see that the monster is able to learn physically from its mistakes, ‘I thrust my hand into the live embers, but quickly drew it out again with a cry of pain’ this once again represents the human like intellect of the monster being able to assess mistakes so as not to repeat it again. Furthermore, the monster inhabits the nature of cooking as he experiments with his newly found fire, he begins to see that the ‘berries were spoiled from this operation, and the nuts and roots much improved’. The actual mental intellectual ability of the monster is portrayed by Shelley as the monster inhabits in the cottage of the De Lacey’s. Here the monster is educated to the language of his fellow inhabitants who he reluctantly segregates himself due to being in doubt of acceptance from them. The monster begins his quest to understand the language of his company by observing their sound and actions. He says ‘I found that these people possessed a method of communicating their experience and feelings to one another by articulate sounds. ‘ However we are also presented with the less able understanding of the monster as he struggles to understand the words connected with feeling such as ‘good’, ‘dearest’ and ‘unhappy’. This once again clearly exposes the monster with human like intelligence since it needs to be able to experience feelings to be able to understand it. We are introduced to a new member of the family, an Arabian, who is unable to speak the language and thus is taught by her companions and at the same time the monster is able to educate himself as he eavesdrops between the holes in the walls separating his feeble habitation from the family’s cottage. The monster learns all his facts and details of humans and logic by listening to the various texts and conversations of the De Lacey family. He says ‘I obtained a cursory knowledge of history†¦ it gave me an insight to the different manners, governments and religions of the different nations of the earth’. Shelley portrays the monsters thoughts and feelings at this new acquired knowledge in a very intense way. The monster begins to question the very being that he is ‘what was I? †¦ I was, besides, endued with a figure hideously deformed and loathsome’. Here we begin to see that the monster becomes evident of his deformity. From the beginning of the monsters tale to the very end we are introduced to the lonely figure and outcast to society that the monster exists as. The first evidence of the social disregard comes from Frankenstein himself, after he realises that he has created nothing but a monster, he abandons his creation and kicks him out of the lab. From then on the monster is faced with negligence from every human who he unfortunately appears in front of. The monster is very adamant at questioning himself to the reality to his being. He says ‘And what was I? Of my creation and creator I was absolutely ignorant’, here we begin to realise that the monster begins to get upset about his lonely being. This interrogation that the monster puts to him leads him to become upset and we see his emotions beginning to cloud his judgement. ‘Was I then a monster, a blot upon the earth, from which all man fled, and whom all men disowned? ‘ the monster is able to understand his position in the human society here, as he examines the actual creature that he is presented as to humans.

Should a College Education Be Free Professor Ramos Blog

Should a College Education Be Free Growing up I always thought about going a university, many teachers made it seem so promising. I was always into school since I was a young girl in elementary school, I had no idea how expensive college was. When high school arrived I remember being in a program known as AVID, which was supposed to prepare you for college. I was ecstatic about being in this program, I thought it was going to help me with so much, but College expenses never crossed my mind, only because I thought it was going to all be paid for somehow. My AVID teacher   was continuously bringing up applying for grants and scholarships but I was confused, I had not realized that you had to pay for college classes. Being the only one in my family that had planned on going to college was extremely difficult, I had to learn about this all by myself. It made me extremely anxious and nervous, because I knew I was not going to be able to afford to get into the college that i wanted to. Education has been offered to everyo ne who lives in the united states, but what good does it do if you cannot accept the education that is offered to you? Education is essential for everyone in our lives today, in able to have a successful life you must be educated in a career. There are so many people in America who cannot afford this education, it is extremely difficult for someone to come up with the college funds especially if there are other responsibilities that need to be taken care of at the same time as fees for college. Although education is offered to everyone, it does not mean that the same opportunity is offered to everyone as well, because education is so expensive most people won’t even think about applying for college and the fact that everyone has different financial issues also effects it. Education should be offered free to everyone, with this opportunity so much more people will be able to receive an education and all have the equal opportunity to be successful in life. Having a good educati on affects a persons well being in many aspects, such as financials stability, better opportunities, and a better lifestyle. Education is beneficial in tons of ways and can help the people in America pursue way more if it was offered for free.    Countless people believe   that free education can not only benefit the individuals but it can also benefit our entire country.   Considering that everyday more jobs are required some type of college experience or degree, education is not only becoming a more important aspect in today’s nation but it’s also a necessity at this point and time of generation. An improved educated workforce can make economy in America grow faster, because more people will have a set career due to the free education that will be offered and more people will be able to help with the community now by being able to contribute on paying taxes. More people will be employed with good paying jobs and will not be struggling with paying their own taxes or maybe even not having to rely on government assistance. According to an article written by numerous college graduates, â€Å"Since the mid-1900s, Americas top one percent of income earners have increased their portion of the countrys income by more than double†(Redefining College Affordability: Securing Americas Future with a Free Two Year College Option), so giving this opportunity of free education can   make a huge impact and result to an increased amount of money circulating within the economy especially because when people have more money they spend   more money. This can also result to more than enough taxes, that can go towards free public colleges. Free college education can not only affect us economically but it can affect everything that is around us in a beneficial way. The reason making college free is important   isn’t just because economic issues, it’s for our knowledge expansion. We should want every American to have an equal opportunity to receive a free education that they want so that they will be able to be a successful educated person. Without the offering of free education   for everyone in the nation, it can be possible that America can be even more socially divided. Majority of people believe that being at a college level education is a necessity, especially since you will always be in a good position financially when having a college education. Although there are programs that offer to cover some of your school necessities, it is still not enough for someone to receive a full education. Education should be free for everyone, especially if it is going to benefit us not only in our intelligence but also our economy. Offering free education to everyone will allow more people to go to college and will even make the percentages of graduates increase. Throughout college many people have to drop in the middle of their semester due to financial issues. Offering this free education for everyone will help students focus on school because they wont have to worry about not being able to be financially balanced with school and other responsibilities such as work. Free college education is something people will not take be taken for granted, because your college education depends on your future which is also why many more people would be taking this opportunity extremely serious. Despite of what people have to say about it being wrong to make education free, at the end of the day free education will benefit us and there is nothing better than having the rate of college graduates increase, because it’s going to mean more people are going to be successful and economy will improve for all social classes. In an article it is said that, â€Å"in 2015, the total amount of student loan debt in America was estimated to be about $1.3 trillion (over 39 percent higher than it was just four years earlier). And student loans are, by far, the most dominant type of financial aid. During the 2012-2013 school year alone, about 10 million college students took out student loans (a 66-percent increase from a decade earlier)†   (Education at a Glance 2018: OECD Indicators). People have spend so much on money for college, for example, students have been taking large amount of school loans just to be able to pay and attend college courses which affects the economy terribly, because after all those loans students have tak en out they will be charged interest in the future which makes it harder on the students to pay them off. Not everyone can fully afford a college education and the money that is given to students is not enough coverage for a full education, even though there are ways to receive money   for college it still does not make an impact for students that are still struggling after they’ve received financial assistance for college. With Free education being offered to everyone we will be able to get rid of owing so much money and students will be able to focus on their education in the future they will be able to afford to participate on helping pay taxes in order for others to receive their education as well. Education is an important aspect in todays society and most importantly in our nation. All students should be eligible to receive funds for college so that they are able to pursue a career through the education that can be given to them. Free college tuition will make a great impact on the students financial and scholarly plans. Our government of this country can be investing in students that can possibly be the leaders of our future, such as doctors, teachers, and many others that will make our country a better place to live. Giving people the option to receive free education will expand the opportunities of many people who strive to be an educated and successful person, and everyone would be able to put they’re effort and get to see how much potential they have. Free education can change the lives of many people in different ways, it is important that we offer everyone the equal opportunity of education. By providing free education we are more likely to have successful futur e for many people. Lumina Foundation, Redefining College Affordability: Securing Americas Future with a Free Two Year College Option, website last visited on March 1, 2016. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, website last visited on January 27, 2017. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Education at a Glance 2018: OECD Indicators, website last visited on September 24, 2018. W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, The Effects of the Kalamazoo Promise Scholarship on College Enrollment, Persistence, and Completion, website last visited on March 4, 2016.

Keep the Fire Burning

Keep the Fire Burning C. Hope Clark entered my life 11 years ago, just when I had made a 10-year commitment to improving my writing: entering more contests, applying for more grants and submitting more applications to publishers and for artist residencies. Hope sits on my desktop every day. When I need to remember that I am not alone in this writing struggle, feeling like bursting into tears after another rejection, I open the computer document titled HOPE and my world is transformed from despair into opportunity with one simple click.    Here I find every snippet of fodder that I have carefully cut and pasted from C. Hope Clarks weekly FundsforWriters email. After doing this for several years, this document was pretty messy. One day I reorganized it: Book Publishers, Magazines, Grants, Jobs, Artist-in-Residencies, Workshops/Classes and Wisdom; perhaps the most important section because it included tips for remaining sane while striving for success. Within each category bold, italics and underline were added. I reduced the font size down to 9 and narrowed the margins so I can get more opportunities on one page. And I have developed my own style of shorthand so that each opportunity can be reduced down to just two lines if at all possible. Why? Because I learned that once the document is over 25 pages long,   it felt too cumbersome to peruse for the next opportunity. Some weeks I only do one category for the week, but about once a month I save an afternoon (usually Friday while Im waiting for her newest email to arri ve) and I read through the entire document, slowly and carefully. I use text colors to make things pop visually and for the best opportunities I add highlighting. Now I have bold, italics, bold-italics, colored text, underlines, a variety of font styles and highlighting. Deadlines passed. Offerings had to be deleted. I added a Submissions category where entries are carefully documented: fee, date, title and word count for each entry. Then the Rejected category which included any comments offered and finally my favorite; a YES/Accepted category. This list began to grow as I began to understand that writing is not a goal; writing is a process. Every week I carefully cut and pasted anything that looked appealing re: publication or growth. I asked for opinions, joined a writers group and began to teach. And I always kept the HOPE file updated every week. I sat at my computer late on Fridays waiting for the email to arrive. I learned to keep that document on my desktop because it added more kindling to my inner burning desire to write. More than a decade has gone I take Hopes email very seriously. When it has been late arriving (seldom), dinner is delayed. It is that important. Hope encourages us to dream and she gives us innumerable reasons to never give up. Happy Writing! Laura Lee Perkinswww.LauraLeePerkinsAuthor.com spiritualquest@earthlink.net

Architectural and Environmental Constraints of Vendor Support Essay

Architectural and Environmental Constraints of Vendor Support - Essay Example Few of the key factors that should influence vendor selection for short and long term projects in a hiring organisation (Parent Organisation) are:Few of the key factors that should influence vendor selection for short and long term projects in a hiring organisation (Parent Organisation) are:1. Alignment of parent organisation’s policies with vendor organisation policies.2. Reach of vendor services (Geographical)3. Future business development plans of vendor organisation should be in line with Parent Organisation4. Thorough understanding and agreement on common service level agreements and service level objects (SLAs and SLOs)5. Auditing and Controlling Procedures should be mutually exclusive in order to avoid fraudulent evaluation6. The long term plan of Parent Organisation with a work are outsourced to a vendor or delegated to a separate workforce within the organisation should facilitate the cohabitation and sustenance of both partnering organisation.(Halse, 2003)To summariz e, successful outsourcing begins with a clear-cut understanding of why it is required at all, and a clear understanding of when outsourcing is, and when it is not, a smart business practice. (Dominguez 2006)Evaluation of Vendor Selection on Enterprise Networks:The choice of a vendor should be done on the basis of several factors as discussed above. It should also take into account the nature of the parent and vendor business. Vendor selection, if done improperly may lead to failure in enterprise networks.  

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 4

Journal - Essay Example Attractive person strikes the cords in the hearts of most individuals who belong to the same community because he or she is believed to prove that harmony exists. Harmony, in its turn, can be viewed as a combination of ‘right’ and ‘desirable’ phenomena or concepts. Getting the idea of what is right, people start looking for the proof that the ‘right thing’ exists. Natalia Vodianova, the main character in the commercial, is seen by many as a very attractive woman. When she is shown in the video running with a prosthetic leg her aura of strength, glamorousness and grace is enhanced. In most cases, new things, unknown traits disagree with the concept of harmony and are not universally seen as attractive. But the video once again shows that the beauty is, indeed, in the eye of the beholder. Worrying about ‘norms’ and labels people are ‘blindfolded’ and don’t see every person’s beauty. As the song goes â€Å"Money can’t buy me love†. But the same can be true about any other emotion or sensation. Money basically cannot make you feel something other that the joy of having money (provided you are prone to avarice). Thai commercial â€Å"Unsung Hero† inspired me to consider what money really means to people and what ‘currency’ can be invested in life. According to the authors of the commercial what people really want has nothing to do with fame, fortune, and success. It is the emotion or feeling of happiness. And in many cases it has nothing to do with money. Going on holiday to a new location, trying new dishes, buying new things is exchanging money for sensations. The holiday sun tan disappears, exotic food is digested, new clothes or gadgets soon become habitual and start serving their purpose be it protecting us from the rain and cold or facilitating communication. But the sensations, the emotions such as the excitement of the discovery of new destinations, fascination with one’s own reflection in the mirror

Is technology a blessing or a curse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Is technology a blessing or a curse - Essay Example He describes how and older tool such as a rake can be more efficient and beneficial to the health of the user through the physical exercise he gets when he uses it. In contrast, he states that the leaf blower, although technologically more advanced, is not really that beneficial to the user and even goes as far as to suggest that it may be harmful to him because it makes an awful lot of noise and does not exert the person using it physically meaning that the opportunity for the little exercise he could have gotten from using the rake is lost. Bell uses this example of such a simple task as moving leaves to discuss the greater issues brought about by indiscriminate use of technology. His idea is that we should only use the pieces of technology that we really need and that are beneficial to us both physically and mentally, and that we should discard those that have no real benefit for us (Bell 470-473). One would agree with Bell’s argument that we use technology indiscriminately and that we rarely distinguish between its good uses from its bad ones. We tend to focus more on using the latest technological advancements and not on their benefits to us. There are times when it is better to use the so called old technology such as the rake rather than use new technology like the leaf blower which have little or no benefit to us. We should take every opportunity we have to get some physical exercise and there is no better way to do so than using technology that is physically exerting. The modern world has seriously changed our lifestyles and we are slowly moving from a lifestyle of physical exertion to one of dormancy due to the advancement of technology. However, all technology has its good and its bad sides and it is this in mind that we shall be discussing the following: the automation of industrial and household processes; changes in the modes of transport; reduction of risk to human life; data and information management; and the impact of technology on entertainment and advertising (Bell 470-473). The automation of critical industrial and household processes has reduced the amount of labor that was previously required to perform these processes. It is claimed that electronic gadgets rescue their users from the burden of performing chores. The performance of chores is one of the most basic things that a human being can do and not doing them breeds a culture of laziness among people which results in the growing cases of obesity especially in young people. There is a further claim that a lot of time is saved because these electronic gadgets do work faster. This being the beginning of the age of robotics, machines have been designed which can learn to do things with near human efficiency. Technology has led to a change in the modes of transport from the previously slow modes to the much faster ones that are used today. The creation of the automobile industry and its evolution has enabled the development of faster means of transport unlike in the previous age when animals used to be the only means of transport. If a person from the current world were uprooted and placed in the world of the early twentieth century, he would be surprised at the extremely slow means of transport that existed at that time. The invention of automated aircraft has increased the speed of travel with distances which previously used to be covered in days or even months are now being covered in a matter of minutes or hours. The risk to human life has been reduced by the use of technology and the mundane jobs once done by human workers are now being taken over by machines and this has the effect of making human labor redundant and if this trend is not stopped soon, and with the growing human population, then the

Employee Motivation And Organisational Performance Commerce Essay

Employee Motivation And Organisational Performance Commerce Essay As the hospitality industry keeps on growing, the competition has turned into a battle now. During this tough time it is very pragmatic to hold on to our loyal guest even though there is a ceaseless change in the organization. To overcome this challenge of holding our loyal customers and to keep on attracting new guests, it is very important that the employees are highly motivated. This research critically analyses the factors affecting the motivation of the employees in an organization, it evaluates the effects on the performance of the organization due to motivated employees. It suggests a relationship between the employee motivation and the organizational performance. The research was carried out by taking interviews of the employees as well as the executive member of the hotel in order to get hold of perspective of both the sides. The important factors have been acknowledged and critical analysis has been done. The findings of the research exhibits that the organisation is constantly doing well but there is always a scope of improvement. It also gives the recommendation to improve the organizational performance by motivating the employees. 1 .INTRODUCTION When we think of the term hospitality, different things come in our mind. The first thing what we can think of is hotels. Many people also think about the famous pineapple which held an important part in history when it came to the term hospitality. Hospitality word comes from Latin language i.e.hospitalitem, hospes, and hostis (friendliness to guests) mean to welcome with warmth and care. Hospital also comes from the same source with the concept of caring about human beings who are ill and who want care, support and love. When we speak about hospitality we talk about guests and not customers, as the word guest brings out the full dimension of hospitality and in real terms. The word customer appears less welcoming and it focuses on financial transaction. In hospitality industry we need to greet our guests with a warm and genuine welcome. In order to achieve this we need to create a surrounding which is totally different from outside world. We are talking about warm and hospitable sur rounding with a prompt, pragmatic and professionally delivered service which requires employees who are willing to deliver it. Now the word service comes Latin word servitium meaning act of serving, demonstrates a creative and incorporating function with many shades and intricacies. The meaning of hospitality and service are almost intertwined, it can also be said that if hospitality is strategy than service is tactics. (Sturman et al., 2011). Now in this ever growing hospitality industry, consumer expectation and demands for quality in increasing and consumer tastes is varying on the other hand. To deliver service in this cut throat competition internationally and nationally is very difficult and it requires highly motivated staff. Customer loyalty is another big issue in todays hospitality industry, in order to overcome this issue there has to efficient, motivated staff. Employee motivation is by far the most serious issues in any of the organisation. It is very important to understand and use the motivation technique for managing the people in hospitality industry. Furthermore, customer satisfaction is highly affected by customers perception of employees effort. (Mohr and Bitner, 1995 cites in Kusluvan, 2003.p.339) and effort is what motivation is about. There has been tremendous amount of research done for different employee motivational theories which are conducted outside hospitality industry. Many empirical studies which are done in past on motivational theories have somewhat failed to show the direct linkage between employee motivation and organisational performance. It has been always said that employees are the biggest asset for any organisation and there has been efforts to motivate them without knowing the exact factor that is behind the employee dissatisfaction. To improve any organisations performance three things are very necessary which are productivity, labour efficiency and staff turnover. This is quite evident that if the employee is happy and motivated then the productivity is going to increase by itself. If the employees are happy then loyalty towards the firm increases and it ensues less staff turnover and higher labour efficiency. This research will review the empirical studies done by other researchers on employee motivation and will integrate all the theories and hypothesis in one discussion. The author will also establish a direct linkage that how employee motivation affects organisations performance, how employee motivation helps in increasing loyalty towards the organisation. 1.1 AIM OF THE RESEARCH The aim of the research is to study the relationship between the motivation of the employees and organizational performance. 1.2 OBJECTIVES To critically analyse the employee motivational factors affecting the growth of an organization. To study the relationship between the motivation and organizational performance. To critically evaluate the interpersonal relationship and effects of communication on the level of motivation of employees in West India quay Marriott. To suggest recommendations based on the research and analysis in order to increase the motivation of employees and hence the productivity of an organisation. 2 .LITERATURE REVIEW In order to become good in anything, the only talent you need is motivation Charles de Gaulle. Literature review gives a proper framework to evaluate and critically analyse the various motivational theories and conceptual models which are necessary for the operational functioning of an organization. It relates to various working models of motivational theory used by the organization to keep their employees motivated and increase the productivity of the organization. It is very necessary to understand that the motivational level of the employees working in a particular organization should be on optimum level because of this ever changing dynamics and structure of the hospitality sector. A detailed critical evaluation of the various motivational theory and many empirical research done recently is been carried out by the author, so that a proper understanding of steps which are necessary to launch a proper motivational program for the employees is fulfilled. 2.1 MOTIVATION CONCEPT Its very difficult to give an exact definition of motivation because it varies from individual to individual and culture to culture. The word motivation derives from the Latin verb movere and means to move (Pintrich Shunk, 2002, p.5. cited in Lins (2005).According to Pintrich schunk, the motivation refers to the process whereby goal-directed activity is instigated and sustained (2002.p.5).The term motivation is like a force which moves arouse and direct people. Work motivation therefore refers to a personal desire to work hard and work well to the arousal, direction, and persistence of effort in work settings (Rainey, 2009, p.248.cites in Vellnagel, 2012).Motivation can be referred to as the willingness to exert maximum level of efforts toward organizational goals, conditioned by the efforts ability to satisfy some individual need (Robbins, 1993, cites in Jang, 2008, p.17). Motivation is defined as the direction and persistence of actions (Mullins, 1992 cites in Jang, 2008, p.17).Mullins also states that the motivation is the driving force which drives an individual towards certain goals and expectation. Now the term motivation is explained by various people in the past like Abraham Maslows in his motivation hierarchy, Hertzbergs concept of intrinsic and extrinsic motivating factors. Maslow (1943) explains in his theory that every human being has five needs which are in hierarchy. Hertzberg (1966) critically analyses in his motivation hygiene theory that there are two factors affecting the individuals satisfaction or dissatisfaction with work. Employee motivation research is done by many people to name few of them are Charles and Marshall (1992) and Simon and Enz (1995) but kovachs instrument is the most comprehensively used for all the employee motivation studies. According to Kovach there are ten factors affecting motivation of the employees when he c onducted a study consisting of ten industrial workers in United States, which are as follows: Good wages. Tactful obedience. Job security. Appreciation and praise for work done. Feeling of being involved. Sympathetic help with personal problems and opportunities for growth and advancement. Good working conditions. Personal loyalty to employee. Interesting work. (Kovach.1980, 1987) Kovach in his long study between 1946 and 1986, found a very slow changes of industrial workers wants and needs. For example, higher ranked appreciation and praise was replaced by interesting work. Also it was seen that good wages was always ranked 5th among the ten factors which shows that good wages may not be the most important factor what the employees are seeking when it comes to job. The following changes were based upon the general improvement of Americans standards of living and quality of life. Thereafter Charles and Marshall(1992) simulated Kovachs study among 255 employees of seven Caribbean hotels and the study showed very different results compare to what Kovachs result was. The result showed that the two most important factors of job motivation were good wages and good working conditions. These findings were supported by Simon and Enz (1995), who conducted a survey among 278 hotel employees in different hotels located in United States and Canada. Simon and Enz study showed that good wages, job security and growth were the three most highly ranked factors for job motivation among hospitality employees. These studies can be related to Maslows hierarchical theory of motivation where it is critically analysed that the human behaviour is affected by five needs system in which the most primitive or the basic one is at the bottom of the pyramid and accordingly promotes itself to the most mature one .The five needs of the human being in the Maslows pyramid are as follows Being needs Deficit needs (Created by author Adapted from Maslow 1954) 2.2 EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION The definition of employee satisfaction can be either an overall feeling about the job, or as a linked set of approaches about various aspects of the job (Spector, 1997). Locke (1976) defined employee satisfaction as a satisfying or optimistic emotional state resulting from the appraisal of ones job or job experience. Levy -Garboua and Mont Marquette (2004) defined employee satisfaction as a guide of preference for the experienced job against outside opportunities qualified on information available at time. A comparison is made in the given definition between the real job experience in the past and the mental experience of outside opportunities available. It also contains the comparison between future expectations of own job and outside opportunities in the future(Levy-Garboua et al.,2007).Employee satisfaction is an important variable which gives a general preview of the employees attitude towards their job and workplace. Hence employee satisfaction is the expectations of an employe e about workplace and attitude towards his job. As a result, job satisfaction is a function of the extent to which ones needs are satisfied in a job (Togia et al., 2004).Considering the different definition of employee satisfaction author argues that expectation can vary from employee to employee from monetary gains to career advancement. Depending upon the needs of the employees, organisations carry out the motivational training program. In this modern time various hospitality industry are concentrating more on HRM i.e. Human Resource Management. Different HRM policies consist of various techniques. In one of the similar research carried out in UK comprising of four organisations showed the link between employees perception of these high commitment performance management practices by HRM and their commitment towards an organisation. The research carried out in UK consisted of 524 questionnaire responses collected from four organisations. The findings in the research clearly posit t hat there is a strong relationship between employee perception on HRM practices and their commitment towards the organisation. The performance of the employee is elevated when there is a trust on HRM policies and employee pursue it as fair (Farndale et al., 2011p.16).HCPM (high commitment performance management) practices achieve their goal of higher commitment provided the practices followed are perceived to be fair by the employees which in turn benefits the overall performance of the organisations (Dirk And Ferrin, 2001 cites in Farndale et al., 2011 p.16). HCWPs should therefore include performance management elements which allow employee engagement (Gardner et al., 2001 cites in Farndale et al., 2011 p.16) and prospects for development, but it also needs to be made on procedures and interactions that are considered fair by employees. Now, the author would like to add that since employees make most important aspect of any organisation, so definitely all the HRM practices put for ward should be benefiting the employees rather than just profitability of the organisation. Having said that, HRM practices should also be pragmatic enough to avoid overdoing of any procedures or practices. The core Motivational idea related with HRM performance research is simple and intuitive. If the people enjoy the work they are given and they do the work with full of their abilities and work harder, they will be motivated to perform at a higher level when given the opportunity to do challenging and enjoyable work. Employees want challenge and personal growth (Walton, 1972.p.71 cites in White and Bryson, 2011.p.4). McDuffie (1995, p.201 cites in White and Bryson, 2011.p.4) argues that employees will only offer discretionary effort if they believe, among other things, that the company will make reciprocal investment in their well-being. Furthermore, another author Appelbaum et al.(2000.p.46 cites in White and Bryson,2011.p.2) posits Jobs that are challenging and make use of worke rs skills are intrinsically rewarding. As HRM is designed to provide jobs that are more satisfying and involving for employees it is natural to assume linear increments in motivation as with Appelbaum et al. (2000.p.46).But authors like Becker and Huselid (2006) and McDuffie (1995) put forward views which are contradictory and they said at after certain level of threshold point the motivation of employees follows a non-linear effects. A contrary view adopted by Marxian labour process theorists is that HRM implies labour escalation and that can have negative incremental effects (eg.Ramsay et al.2000 cites in White and Bryson, 2011.p.3).Finally there is the non-linear model of Godard (2001) where HRM initially has positive effects but at later stages turns negative at high levels of implementation due to work strain. Here author argues that although HRM practices are very much necessary for any organisation and in order to reap profitable results it should strongly signal employees. H RM practices should not be confined to only on specific opportunities for employee participation and personal development but also whether the HRM practices helps in total transformative development that conjures employee identification. 2.3 FACTORS AFFECTING EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION As we saw in research done by Kovach, Charles and Marshall, Simon and Enz that there are many factors which affect employee motivation and satisfaction. These factors keep on changing depending upon the needs of the employees at different time. As Maslow in his famous theory said that the human needs are divided into five basic needs. Then Herzberg came up with dual factor theory stating that man has two sets of needs one of an animal to avoid pain and another of a human to grow psychologically. During all these after much empirical research it has been found that there are many factors which affect employee motivation. In order to measure job satisfaction and motivation of an employee, its very important to measure different facets of the job which is generating employee motivation. Now, Facets of job satisfaction can involve any aspect of the job such as pay, colleagues, supervisors, organisational factors and work conditions (Coomber and Barriball, 2007 cites in Akman et al., 2011 p.677). Pearson (1991 cites in Akman et al., suggests that the employees wait for their job to provide a combination of features (e.g. pay, promotion and autonomy) for which the employee has certain favourable values. Furthermore, while discussing the factors Luthans (1992 cites in Akman, 2011.p.677) posits five factors which affects the employee motivation. These factors are pay, job characteristics, working conditions, management politics and working colleagues. While pay was considered as external factor by Luthans (1992) other factors like job characteristics have been defined as internal factors (Rose, 2003 cites in Akman, 2011.p.677). Mcafee et al., (1995 cites in Akman 2011.p.677) investigated effects of discretion, result feedback and process feedback on employee job motivation. It was found that only discretion and result outcome doesnt affect employee job motivation but it is very necessary to give them process outcome also. Drummond and Stoddard (1991 cites in Akman 2011 .p.678) add to the discussion that employee satisfaction contains an evaluation of various features of the job. These characteristics are working conditions, pay, and relationships with colleagues and supervisor, organisational policies and nature of the work itself. When talking about characteristics of job like working hours, It has been proven in the research that employees who get flexible working hours are more happier and content and they give back more to the organisation. Berg et al., and Dockery (2004,2005 respectively cites in Atkinson and Hall,2011.p.101) posits that flexible working hours helps to promote active states such as being pleased and cheerful because they feel that they are treated well. It also helps to generate passive state which reflects in feelings like contentment and calm, since there is reduction of work-life stress and this all was possible because of flexible hours provided to the employees. Furthermore author adds to the discussion that if the employees are happy, it shows in the overall productivity of an organisation. Basically it is a two way effect if the employee feels that they are taken care of by the organ isation, employees tend to reciprocate this gesture by generating revenue or profit. Management has to create trust among the employees which is another factor that is important for employee motivation. Various people investigated about employee motivation and job satisfaction and among one of them were Kazemzadeh and Bashiri (2005 cited in Akman et al., 2011.p.678) who identified ten main groups which are as follows: Management and personnel relationship. Relation between employees. Employees job satisfaction. Education. Wage and salary. Other welfare facilities. Employees commitment. Job promotion. Performance. Organisations systems and processes. Another author named Bodur (2002 cites in Akman et al., 2011.p.678) suggested that work content, age, gender, educational level, working conditions, location (rural or urban), co-workers, salary and working hours are some of the factors related to job motivation and satisfaction.Kuo et al.,(2010) cites in Akman et al., (2011,p.678) that both job characteristics and employee empowerment are important factor in order to maintain high employee commitment and loyalty towards the organisation. Taking the research even further Jun et al., (2006) investigated direct and indirect relationships among top management commitment, HR-focused TQM practices, and employee satisfaction and employee loyalty. They found a strong relationship between TQM practices and job satisfaction loyalty. Author would like to add further that factors affecting employee motivation can differ from employee to employee depending upon their needs and desires. For e.g. one employee is looking for monetary gains then mon ey will be motivating factor for him and if another employee who is looking for career advancement then promotion and rewards, recognition will be motivating factor for him. 2.4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION AND LOYALTY TOWARDS ORGANISATION Loyalty is an emotional state it signifies the relationship of an employee with the organisation for which they work and that has implications for their decision to remain with the organisation (Allen and Grisaffe, 2001 cites in Akman et al., 2011.p.682).According to another definition loyalty means as attachment to the organisation specially when one is having strong believes in organisational goals and values and has a strong desire to maintain membership of the organisation. Furthermore Becker et al., (1995) defined loyalty in Akman et al., (2011.p.682) as a strong desire to be a part of the organisation and put high levels of effort for the sake of an organisation and definite belief in the goals and values of the organisation. Thus, loyalty is strong belief in goals and values and a desire to be a part of the organisation. Chen (2006) cites in Akman et al., 2011.p.682) that while job motivation represents an effective response to specific features of the job with proper attitude, employee loyalty is in effective response to the whole organisation. Furthermore, empirical evidence suggests that employee motivation and satisfaction are precursor to organisational loyalty of employees. This suggests that organisational loyalty of employees develop from job satisfaction and motivation and which nullifies the effects of staff turnover. Also, author will like to add to the discussion that loyal employees help in organisations growth as they believe in goals and values of the organisation. This also reduces the staff turnover issue leading to high profitability by saving money on recruitment and training of staff. 2.5 LINKAGE BETWEEN EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION AND ORGANISATIONAL PERFORMANCE For any organisation its employees are the major assets to look for. Employees are the people who help the organisation grow in terms of profitability and revenue. In order to keep the employees motivated HR has a major part to play. One of the first empirical studies carried out to show the linkage between Employee motivation by HR and organisational performance was done by Arthur (1994). Arthur in his study posits that the explicit sets of HR policies, practices and systems that were designed to enhance the employee commitment (e.g. empowerment, due process, high wages and benefits, etc.) was linked to three proficiency measures of firm performance (i.e. productivity, labour efficiency and staff turnover).A similar study was carried out by Huselid (1995) a year later which showed a similar sets of 13 of HR practices known as high performance work system, was related to both efficiency (i.e. employee turnover) and financial measures (i.e. sales, profit, and market value) of firm per formance. There were many studies which were carried out after that which highlighted the important relationship between employee motivation by HR and firms performance. Furthermore author adds to the discussion that although initially efforts broadened the understanding of about this important relationship, a number of scholars challenged the authenticity of the research. One of the most commonly voiced concerns was that most of the research till date used cross sectional research design (Gerhart et al., 2000 cites in Tracey, 2012. p.910). But research has proved that the relationship between employee motivation and firms performance cant be denied. As one the studies carried out by White and Bryson (2011) posits that if the employees believe in the HR policies and practices they feel motivated and it reflects in their work which leads to higher productivity. 2.6 DIFFERENT MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES USED IN HOSPITALITY SECTOR There are several motivational theories which are used in hospitality sector to improve the employee motivation. Author has briefly evaluated few of them in the below tree diagram. (Created by author adapted from Vellnagel 2012) Furthermore, the difference between the content theory and the process theory is that content theories focuses on factors which leads the individual feel motivated within inside whereas process theories concentrates on the dynamics of motivation and how it takes place. Content theory consists of: Maslows needs of hierarchy theory. Hertzbergs two factor theory. Achievement motivation theory. ERG theory. Process theory consists of: Vrooms Expectancy theory. Goal setting theory. Adams Equity theory. Porters Performance Satisfaction Model. As the concept of motivation is very broad and since it would go beyond his scope of work author has liked to discuss and analyse only selected theories of motivation in the research. 2.6.1 CONTENT THEORIES The content theories supposed that all the individuals have same sets of needs (Fincham, Rhodes: 2005 cited in Vellnagel 2012).They gave importance to the reasons for motivated behaviour (Tosi, Mero, Rizzo: 2000, p.129) of individuals. The most famous of all the content theories are Maslows hierarchy of needs(1943),Hertzberg two factor theory(1959),the job characteristics approach(Hackman,Oldham:1980) and McClellands achievement power theory(1961). 1. Maslows Hierarchy of needs theory The most simple and well known motivational theory was put forth by Humanistically oriented psychologist Abraham Maslow (Arnold et al, 2005.cited in Vellnagel 2012).In 1943 Maslow put proposed a theory of humans function namely according to the sequential hierarchical order of the development of five basic needs (Latham, 2007. cited in Vellnagel 2012).According to Maslow if any of these needs are fulfilled then the individual goes on to fulfil the other needs. If the all the needs are satisfied then the level of motivation goes down. 2. Hertzbergs two factor theory In 1959, Hertzberg proposed a theory on his findings that the man has two set of needs, one of an animal to avoid pain and the other of a human to grow psychologically. These findings led him to put forth a dual theory of motivation which is being used for management training and work motivation program worldwide. This theory critically analyses the factors which makes the employee feel happy at work and leads to job motivation and these factors were called motivators for obvious reason. These motivators are intrinsic factors which are directly affecting the inner feelings and self-esteem of the employees (e.g. Career advancement, achievement, work itself, responsibility, job growth).On the other hand factors which lead to job dissatisfaction are extrinsic factors and are related to external working conditions, relationship with colleagues and supervisors, wages, personal life and these are called hygiene factors. (House, R.Wigdor, L.2006) 2.6.2 PROCESS THEORIES The process theory aims at the identification of relationships among dynamic variables which make up motivation (Mullins, 2001.p.237).They look at mental processes which cause the motivation in an individual. The process theory is all about how behaviour is being created. There are various classical process theory like Adams Equity theory (1963), Expectancy theory by Vroom (1964), Lathams and Lockes goal setting theory (1984). 1. Adams equity theory An American behavioural psychologist named John Stacey Adams, proposed the Equity Theory in 1963 which is possibly the most readily understandable psychological process(Riley,2000.p.26 cited in Vellnagel,2012).Equity theory aims at an individual feelings of how fairly he has been treated in comparison to others. According to this theory people develop a belief of what is fair reward for ones job contribution that is an exchange. Most exchanges involve a number of inputs and outcomes. People compare the exchanges with their employer to exchanges with other insiders and outsiders. If an employee then believes that he is unfairly treated then he will seek justice. 2. Vroom expectancy theory A sophisticated theory of motivation was put forth by Victor Vroom in 1964 and it focuses on the concept of expectancy (Van der Wagen, Davies.1998, p.31 cited in Vellnagel.2012).Instead of aiming on the factors of work which maintain and energize behaviour (Latham, 2007.p.44 cited in Vellnagel, 2012).The theory was inspired on thoughts that a individuals activity leads to a certain behaviour and then this behaviour leads to a certain result. Vrooms theory consist of three variables which are expectancy(E),instrumentality(I) and valence(V) due to which it is also called as the valence-instrumentality-expectancy theory. Both expectancy and instrumentality are possibilities or probabilities. It is about what the individuals estimates to be the likelihood of good performance leading to valued rewards, and of effort leading to good performance. The product of the three variables equals the force (F) of an individuals motivation to perform. Therefore F=E*I*V FINDINGS In order to find the research study satisfactory an overall practical approach of all the four motivational theories should be considered. Maslows theory was one of the basic motivational theories but it was also one of the most criticised theories. The reason was because it was vague and didnt predict behaviour; also it was based upon the socio-philosophical approach reflecting only middle class of white Americans from mid twentieth century (Buchanan,H,2010.p.269).It should also be noted that even though Maslows theory was criticised but this theory has huge influence on todays management practice. The two factors theory put forth by Hertzberg was another motivational theory which was not spared from criticism. Its believed that there might be a gap between what people think motivates them and what actually motivates them. People could relate their success to their personal efforts and blame people or the organization for the failure. However, the two factors theory describes the employees needs and also the rise in motivational level after the redesigned job (Fincham, R.2005.p.200). The two process theory are good but not good enough. The best Adams equity theory is best when comparing salaries. As it is well known fact that money can be measured but education. Knowledge, training and effort are not measurable. Same can be said about the Vrooms theory of expectancy, after a critical analysis its been found that Vroom theory is a nice mathematical approach but when it comes to identifying and quantifying the expectancy of a certain motivation to a task, it is becomes very complicated and also the practical approach is very low (Fincham,R.2005.p.209 et seq.) 3. METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction This part of the research concentrates on the methods that need to be adopted in order to conduct the research. Research can be defined as the systematic approach of seeking solutions towards a problem. Research comprises of investigation, recording and analysis of evidence for the sole purpose of gaining knowledge. Every research has this issue of choosing the most appropriate method so that the objectives